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Open Decision Ledger · Criminal law

Continuity and repetition as elements of the stalking crime

Supreme Court, Apr. 16, 2026, 2026Do2108 (judgment)

Case name: 스토킹범죄의처벌등에관한법률위반·스토킹방지및피해자보호등에관한법률위반방조·모욕·폭력행위등처벌에관한법률위반(공동상해)

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    What must be proved for 'stalking conduct' to become the 'stalking crime' under Article 2(ii) of the Act on the Punishment of Stalking Crimes, and where one act lasted about ten minutes and another about six minutes, roughly two and a half months apart, was continuity or repetition established?

  2. Holding

    Continuity or repetition of the stalking conduct is an essential element of the stalking crime. 'Continuous' means that even a single act continued for a substantial time and can itself be evaluated as conduct causing fear or alarm; 'repetitive' means two or more acts that are closely related through temporal proximity, spatial connection, and unity and continuity of intent, so that they can be evaluated as a series causing fear or alarm overall. Where an act is no more than a short, isolated act, or several one-off, non-continuous acts, the offence under that Act may not be punished, although each act may still be punished as a separate crime depending on its content and degree. The acts here lasted only about ten minutes and about six minutes, which is not a substantial time, and the gap of about two and a half months contained no further stalking conduct, so neither continuity nor repetition was proved.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    ‘스토킹범죄’가 성립하기 위해서는 상대방에게 불안감 또는 공포심을 일으키는 ‘스토킹행위’의 지속 또는 반복을 필수적인 요건으로 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    In order for a 'stalking crime' to be established, the continuation or repetition of a 'stalking act' that causes uneasiness or fear in the other party is an essential requirement.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 창원지방법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Changwon District Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    ‘지속적’이란 특정한 행위가 1회만 이루어진 경우에도 상당한 시간 동안 계속되어 그 자체로 상대방의 불안감 또는 공포심을 일으키는 행위로 평가될 수 있는 경우를

    Unofficial English translation

    'Continuous' means the case where, even where a particular act is committed only once, it continues for a substantial period of time and can be evaluated, in itself, as an act that causes uneasiness or fear in the other party
  5. Factors

    • 상대방에게 불안감 또는 공포심을 일으키는 ‘스토킹행위’의 지속 또는 반복을 필수적인 요건으로 한다
    • 각 행위 상호 간에 시간적 근접성과 장소적 연관성, 범의의 단일성과 계속성 등이 인정되는 밀접한 관계가
    • 특정한 행위가 그와 같이 평가될 수 없는 짧은 시간의 단속적인 행위에 그치거나
    • 제1 행위는 약 10분, 제2 행위는 약 6분간 계속된 행위에 불과하여
    • 일회성 내지 비연속적인 단발성 행위가 2개월 반가량의 시간적 간격을 두고 2회에 걸쳐 이루어진 것으로 보일 뿐이므로

    Unofficial English translation

    • the continuation or repetition of a 'stalking act' that causes uneasiness or fear in the other party is an essential requirement

    • a close relationship is recognized between each act in terms of temporal proximity and spatial relevance, and the unity and continuity of intent

    • a particular act consisting merely of an intermittent act over a short period of time, which cannot be evaluated as such

    • the first act lasted only approximately 10 minutes, and the second act was merely an act that continued for approximately 6 minutes

    • they appear to be one-time or non-continuous single acts committed on two occasions with a temporal interval of approximately two and a half months

  6. Relation to precedent

    States a new standard Read from the decision

    이때 ‘지속적’이란 특정한 행위가 1회만 이루어진 경우에도 상당한 시간 동안 계속되어 그 자체로 상대방의 불안감 또는 공포심을 일으키는 행위로 평가될 수 있는 경우를

    Unofficial English translation

    Here, 'continuous' means the case where, even where a particular act is committed only once, it continues for a substantial period of time and can be evaluated, in itself, as an act that causes uneasiness or fear in the other party

    Decisions referred to

    해당 본문 참조

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    How long must a single act continue before it counts as 'continuous', and how close in time and place must two acts be before they count as 'repetitive'?

    The remand judgment, which must try the stalking charge again under this standard, would show how the two elements are applied to short acts and long gaps. Any amendment to Article 2 of the Act on the Punishment of Stalking Crimes, or a later Supreme Court decision fixing a length of time or a degree of proximity, would require this entry to be read again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-24

A reader from another model family (GPT-6 Astra), given the official text but not the primary reading, agreed on 7 of the 8 axes; the readings differed on axis 6 (relation to precedent).

Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Cannot be determined”

The primary reading marks the judgment as setting a new standard, while the independent reading marks the precedent relationship as unconfirmed, because it does not check whether the definitions were previously established.

이때 ‘지속적’이란 특정한 행위가 1회만 이루어진 경우에도 상당한 시간 동안 계속되어 그 자체로 상대방의 불안감 또는 공포심을 일으키는 행위로 평가될 수 있는 경우를

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The Changwon District Court, sitting on appeal, in its judgment of 20 January 2026 (2025No2282), held that Defendant 1's following of the victim's vehicle for about three kilometres over about ten minutes on 31 March 2024, and the approach some two and a half months later on 11 June 2024, in which he made an illegal U-turn and photographed the victim from a van, caused the victim fear or alarm and together amounted to the stalking crime. It convicted Defendant 1 of the stalking offence together with insult and joint assault, and Defendant 2 of aiding a violation of the Act on the Prevention and Protection of Victims of Stalking and of joint assault under the Act on the Punishment of Violent Acts.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the court below had misapprehended the law on the establishment of the stalking crime. Even assuming the two acts fell under Article 2(i)(b) of the Act, each lasted only about ten minutes and about six minutes with no evidence of a longer continuation, and the gap of over two months with no intervening stalking act meant the acts lacked the close relationship required for repetition, so neither continuity nor repetition was proved. Because the reversed part stood in concurrence under Article 37 opening paragraph of the Criminal Act with the remaining convictions and one sentence had been imposed, the whole judgment was reversed and remanded, and Defendant 2's aiding part was reversed as well under Article 392 of the Criminal Procedure Act. The Court found no error in the convictions for insult and joint assault.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A single act that continued for a substantial time and can itself be evaluated as conduct causing fear or alarm, so that continuity is made out.
  • Two or more acts related through temporal proximity, spatial connection and unity and continuity of intent, so that they form a series causing fear or alarm overall.
  • Acts whose specific content and degree may still be punished as separate crimes, which the decision expressly leaves open.

Record verification notes

Set out each act separately with its date, start and end time, duration and route, and then measure the gap between them and any stalking act in between, since the Court relied on the ten and six minutes and the two and a half months. Confirm the place of each act against the victim's dwelling, workplace, school or other place of daily life, as Article 2(i)(b) covers waiting or watching around such places. Keep the remaining convictions for insult and joint assault and the concurrence under Article 37 opening paragraph of the Criminal Act in view, because they determined that the whole judgment, not only the stalking part, was reversed.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 스토킹범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 법률 제2조 제2호에서 정한 스토킹범죄가 성립하기 위한 요건 및 스토킹범죄의 구성요건 중 ‘지속적'과 ‘반복적'의 의미 / 특정한 행위가 짧은 시간의 단속적인 행위에 그치거나 일회성 내지 비연속적인 단발성 행위가 여러 번 이루어진 것에 불과한 경우, 위 법 위반죄로 처벌할 수 있는지 여부(소극) [2] 피고인이 승합차를 운행하던 중 우연히 피해자가 운전하는 차량을 발견하고 약 3km의 거리를 약 10분간 따라다녔고 약 2개월 반가량 지난 후 승합차 조수석에 타고 가던 중 피해자를 발견하고 불법유턴으로 차량의 방향을 돌려 자신의 휴대폰 카메라로 피해자의 모습 등을 촬영하는 방법으로 접근하여 피해자에게 불안감과 공포심을 일으키는 스토킹행위를 했다는 공소사실로 기소된 사안에서, 스토킹범죄의 구성요건 중 ‘지속성’과 ‘반복성’에 관한 증명이 이루어졌다고 보기 어려운데도, ‘스토킹범죄’에 해당한다고 본 원심판단에 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] The requirements for the establishment of a stalking crime as provided in Article 2, subparagraph 2 of the Act on Punishment of Stalking Crimes, and the meaning of 'continuous' and 'repeated' among the constituent elements of a stalking crime / Whether, in cases where a particular act consists merely of an intermittent act over a short period of time, or where a one-time or non-continuous single act has merely been committed on multiple occasions, a person may be punished for violation of the said Act (negative) [2] In a case where the defendant, while driving a van, happened to discover the vehicle driven by the victim and followed it for a distance of approximately 3km for approximately 10 minutes, and, approximately two and a half months later, while riding in the passenger seat of the van, discovered the victim and, turning the vehicle around by making an illegal U-turn, approached by filming the appearance of the victim, among other things, with the camera of his mobile phone, thereby committing a stalking act that caused the victim uneasiness and fear, and was prosecuted on the facts charged, holding that, although proof as to the 'continuity' and 'repetitiveness' among the constituent elements of a stalking crime cannot readily be regarded as having been established, the judgment of the court below, which found it to fall within a 'stalking crime', was in misapprehension of legal principles

Summary of the holding

[1] 스토킹범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 법률 제2조 제1호는 "‘스토킹행위’란 상대방의 의사에 반하여 정당한 이유 없이 다음 각 목의 어느 하나에 해당하는 행위를 하여 상대방에게 불안감 또는 공포심을 일으키는 것을 말한다."라고 정하였고, 같은 조 제2호는 "‘스토킹범죄’란 지속적 또는 반복적으로 스토킹행위를 하는 것을 말한다."라고 정하였으므로, ‘스토킹범죄’가 성립하기 위해서는 상대방에게 불안감 또는 공포심을 일으키는 ‘스토킹행위’의 지속 또는 반복을 필수적인 요건으로 한다. 이때 ‘지속적’이란 특정한 행위가 1회만 이루어진 경우에도 상당한 시간 동안 계속되어 그 자체로 상대방의 불안감 또는 공포심을 일으키는 행위로 평가될 수 있는 경우를, ‘반복적’이란 특정한 행위가 2회 이상 이루어진 경우로 각 행위 상호 간에 시간적 근접성과 장소적 연관성, 범의의 단일성과 계속성 등이 인정되는 밀접한 관계가 있어 전체적으로 상대방의 불안감 또는 공포심을 일으키는 일련의 반복적인 행위로 평가할 수 있는 경우를 뜻한다고 볼 수 있다. 특정한 행위가 그와 같이 평가될 수 없는 짧은 시간의 단속적인 행위에 그치거나 일회성 내지 비연속적인 단발성 행위가 여러 번 이루어진 것에 불과한 경우에는 각 행위의 구체적 내용 및 정도에 따라 별개의 범죄로 처벌할 수 있음은 별론으로 하더라도 위 법 위반죄로 처벌할 수는 없다. [2] 피고인이 승합차를 운행하던 중 우연히 피해자가 운전하는 차량을 발견하고 약 3km의 거리를 약 10분간 따라다녔고(제1 행위) 약 2개월 반가량 지난 후 승합차 조수석에 타고 가던 중 피해자를 발견하고 불법유턴으로 차량의 방향을 돌려 자신의 휴대폰 카메라로 피해자의 모습 등을 촬영하는 방법으로 접근하여(제2 행위) 피해자에게 불안감과 공포심을 일으키는 스토킹행위를 했다는 공소사실로 기소된 사안에서, 피고인의 제1, 2 행위가 스토킹범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 법률 제2조 제1호 (나)목에서 정한 스토킹행위인 "상대방 등의 주거, 직장, 학교, 그 밖에 일상적으로 생활하는 장소 또는 그 부근에서 기다리거나 지켜보는 행위"에 해당하더라도, 제1 행위는 약 10분, 제2 행위는 약 6분간 계속된 행위에 불과하여 상당한 시간 동안 계속되어 그 자체로 상대방의 불안감 또는 공포심을 일으키는 행위에 해당한다고 보기는 어려우므로 스토킹범죄의 구성요건 중 ‘지속성’에 관한 증명이 이루어졌다고 보기 어렵고, 위 행위 상호 간 시간적 근접성과 장소적 연관성, 범의의 단일성과 계속성 등을 고려할 때, 위 행위가 밀접한 관계에 있어 피고인의 행위가 스토킹행위를 반복적으로 한 경우에 해당한다고 볼 수는 없고, 일회성 내지 비연속적인 단발성 행위가 2개월 반가량의 시간적 간격을 두고 2회에 걸쳐 이루어진 것으로 보일 뿐이므로 스토킹범죄의 구성요건 중 ‘반복성’에 관한 증명도 이루어졌다고 보기 어려운데도, 피고인의 제1, 2행위가 ‘스토킹행위’의 지속 또는 반복이라는 요건을 충족하여 ‘스토킹범죄’에 해당한다고 본 원심판단에 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 창원지방법원에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Changwon District Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 스토킹범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 법률 제2조 제2호 / [2] 스토킹범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 법률 제2조 제1호 (나)목, 제2호

Read 2026-10-24 · Cross-read 2026-10-24. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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