Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance
Whether a control premium is included in short-swing trading profits and the scope of interpretive exceptions beyond those set forth in the Enforcement Decree
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Feb. 13, 2004, 2001Da36580 (judgment)
Case name: 단기매매차익금반환
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Must an insider who, within six months, transferred control together with the controlling shares and received a control premium also disgorge that premium as a short-swing trading profit, and may the application of the disgorgement liability be excluded on grounds not provided in the Enforcement Decree?
Holding
Because the transfer of control is nothing more than an incidental effect accompanying the transfer of the controlling shares, the control premium also constitutes a profit obtained through short-swing trading. Although the exceptions in the Enforcement Decree are an exhaustive enumeration, the Supreme Court held that the disgorgement provision does not apply to transactions of a type for which, objectively viewed, there was from the outset no possibility whatsoever of the use of insider information.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
법인의 내부자가 주식을 매수한 후 6개월 이내에 그 주식과 함께 경영권을 이전하면서 취득한 경영권 프리미엄 또한 주식의 단기매매로 인하여 얻은 이익에 해당한다.
Unofficial English translation
The management premium acquired by an insider of a corporation who, within six months after purchasing shares, transfers the management control together with those shares also constitutes a profit obtained by the short-term trading of shares.
Disposition
Reversed and rendered by the Supreme Court Stated in the decision
그 부분에 해당하는 원고의 항소를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The plaintiff's appeal as to that part is dismissed.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
애당초 내부정보의 이용가능성이 전혀 없는 유형의 거래에 대하여는 같은 법 제188조 제2항이 적용되지 않는다고 해석함이 상당하다.
Unofficial English translation
It is proper to construe that paragraph (2) of Article 188 of the same Act does not apply to a type of transaction where there is no possibility whatsoever of the use of inside information from the outset.
Factors
- 경영권의 이전은 지배주식의 양도에 따르는 부수적인 효과에 불과하고
- 그 양도대금은 지배주식 전체에 대하여 지급되는 것으로서 주식 그 자체의 대가임이 분명하므로
- 제83조의6에서 정한 예외사유는 한정적으로 열거된 것으로서
- 헌법 제23조가 정하는 재산권보장의 취지
- 객관적으로 볼 때, 애당초 내부정보의 이용가능성이 전혀 없는 유형의 거래
Unofficial English translation
• the transfer of management control is merely a collateral effect incidental to the transfer of the controlling shares, and
• since the transfer price is paid for the controlling shares as a whole and is clearly the consideration for the shares themselves,
• the exceptional grounds provided in Article 83-6 are set forth as an exhaustive enumeration, and
• the purport of the guarantee of property rights provided in Article 23 of the Constitution
• a type of transaction which, viewed objectively, has no possibility whatsoever of the use of inside information from the outset
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Read from the decision
헌법재판소 2002. 12. 18. 선고 99헌바105, 2001헌바48 전원재판부 결정
Unofficial English translation
Constitutional Court Decision 99Hun-Ba105, 2001Hun-Ba48 (full bench), decided December 18, 2002
Decisions referred to
[2] 헌법재판소 2002. 12. 18. 선고 99헌바105, 2001헌바48 전원재판부 결정(헌공 76, 26)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
What transactions actually fall under the category of transactions of a type for which, objectively viewed, there was from the outset no possibility whatsoever of the use of insider information?
If the provision on the disgorgement of short-swing trading profits or the Enforcement Decree prescribing the exceptions to its application is amended, this reading will be re-examined.
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Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below ordered the defendant to disgorge the KRW 1,691,464,381 obtained by purchasing and selling shares of the plaintiff company within six months, and, holding that the exceptions in the Enforcement Decree are an exhaustive enumeration, rejected the defendant's argument on the view that even a purchase made to defend against a hostile merger or acquisition, or compensation for a transfer of control, required disgorgement of the profit unless it constituted an exception. As to damages for delay, it applied the pre-amendment statute to the period after May 10, 2001 and set the rate at 25% per annum.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court upheld the conclusion of the court below that a control premium is also a short-swing trading profit. It pointed out that, although the determination that the exceptions are an exhaustive enumeration was proper, the view that exclusion of application is impossible in every case constituted a misapprehension of legal principles. However, it considered that the defendant's transaction was not of a type for which there was no possibility of the use of insider information, and thus there was no effect on the conclusion, and that the failure to rule on the claim of illegality concerning the rules of the Securities Management Commission likewise did not affect the outcome. Ex officio, the Supreme Court effected a reversal and self-adjudication only as to the interest rate for damages for delay.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the transaction falls, when viewed objectively, under the category of transactions of a type for which there was from the outset no possibility whatsoever of the use of insider information
- Where the amount subject to disgorgement was paid not as the consideration for the shares themselves but as the consideration for a separate performance distinct from the transfer of the shares
- Where more than six months elapsed between the purchase and the sale, or where the trader is not an insider under Article 188 (2) of the Act
Record verification notes
The subjective motive alone of defending against a hostile merger or acquisition, or of transferring control due to deteriorating management, is not sufficient for an interpretive exception to be recognized; accordingly, it is first necessary to check whether the type of transaction itself objectively excludes the possibility of access to insider information.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 지배주식의 매도시 그 가격 결정에 반영된 소위 경영권 프리미엄이 증권거래법상의 단기매매차익으로서 반환할 이익에 포함되는지 여부(적극) [2] 증권거래법 제188조 제2항 소정의 단기매매차익반환제도의 규정 취지 및 구 증권거래법시행령 제83조의6에서 정한 예외사유에 해당하지 않더라도 내부정보의 이용가능성이 없는 유형의 거래에 대하여 법원이 해석상의 예외사유로 보아 그 적용을 배제할 수 있는지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether the so-called management premium reflected in determining the price upon the sale of controlling shares is included in the profit to be returned as short-swing trading profit under the Securities and Exchange Act (affirmative) [2] Whether, notwithstanding the purpose of the provisions of the system for the return of short-swing trading profit under Article 188 (2) of the Securities and Exchange Act and even where a transaction does not fall under the exceptional grounds provided in Article 83-6 of the former Enforcement Decree of the Securities and Exchange Act, the court may, as to a type of transaction where there is no possibility of the use of inside information, regard it as an exceptional ground on construction and exclude its application (affirmative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 지배주식의 양도와 함께 경영권이 주식양도인으로부터 주식양수인에게 이전하는 경우 그와 같은 경영권의 이전은 지배주식의 양도에 따르는 부수적인 효과에 불과하고, 그 양도대금은 지배주식 전체에 대하여 지급되는 것으로서 주식 그 자체의 대가임이 분명하므로, 구 증권거래법(1998. 5. 25. 법률 제5539호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조 제2항에 규정된 법인의 내부자가 주식을 매수한 후 6개월 이내에 그 주식과 함께 경영권을 이전하면서 취득한 경영권 프리미엄 또한 주식의 단기매매로 인하여 얻은 이익에 해당한다. [2] 구 증권거래법(1998. 5. 25. 법률 제5539호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조 제2항 소정의 단기매매차익반환제도는 주권상장법인의 내부자가 6월 이내의 단기간에 그 법인의 주식 등을 사고 파는 경우 미공개 내부정보를 이용하였을 개연성이 크다는 점에서 거래 자체는 허용하되 그 대신 내부자가 실제로 미공개 내부정보를 이용하였는지 여부나 내부자에게 미공개 내부정보를 이용하여 이득을 취하려는 의사가 있었는지 여부를 묻지 않고 내부자로 하여금 그 거래로 얻은 이익을 법인에 반환하도록 하는 엄격한 책임을 인정함으로써 내부자가 미공개 내부정보를 이용하여 법인의 주식 등을 거래하는 행위를 간접적으로 규제하려는 제도라 할 것이고, 따라서 같은 법 제188조 제2항이 적용되지 아니하는 경우로서 같은 조 제8항에 의하여 구 증권거래법시행령(1998. 2. 24. 대통령령 제15687호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제83조의6에서 정한 예외사유는 한정적으로 열거된 것으로서 같은법시행령에서 정하지 않는 사유로까지 그 반환책임의 예외사유를 넓힐 것을 예정한 것은 아니라 할 것이지만, 단기매매차익반환제도의 입법목적, 같은법시행령 제83조의6에 정해진 예외사유의 성격 그리고 헌법 제23조가 정하는 재산권보장의 취지를 고려하면, 같은법시행령 제83조의6에서 정한 예외사유에 해당하지 않더라도 객관적으로 볼 때, 애당초 내부정보의 이용가능성이 전혀 없는 유형의 거래에 대하여는 같은 법 제188조 제2항이 적용되지 않는다고 해석함이 상당하다.
Order
원심판결의 지연손해금에 관한 부분 중 피고에 대하여 금 1,691,464,381원에 대한 1999. 5. 28.부터 2003. 5. 31.까지는 연 5푼, 그 다음날부터 완제일까지는 연 2할의 각 비율에 의한 금원을 초과하여 지급을 명한 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 그 부분에 해당하는 원고의 항소를 기각한다. 피고의 나머지 상고를 기각한다. 소송총비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.
Unofficial English translation
The part of the judgment of the court below concerning the delay damages, insofar as it ordered the defendant to pay, on KRW 1,691,464,381, an amount exceeding the sum calculated at the rate of 5% per annum from May 28, 1999 to May 31, 2003 and at the rate of 20% per annum from the day following to the date of full payment, respectively, being the part where the defendant lost, is reversed, and the plaintiff's appeal as to that part is dismissed. The defendant's remaining final appeal is dismissed. The entire costs of litigation shall be borne by the defendant.
Provisions referred to
[1] 구 증권거래법(1998. 5. 25. 법률 제5539호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조 제2항 [2] 구 증권거래법(1998. 5. 25. 법률 제5539호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조 제2항, 제8항, 구 증권거래법시행령(1998. 2. 24. 대통령령 제15687호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제83조의6
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