Open Decision Ledger · Rehabilitation & bankruptcy
Whether Repayment of Principal and Interest During an Application for Commencement of Composition Proceedings After Suspension of Payments Is Subject to Avoidance of Acts in the Crisis Period Under the Bankruptcy Act, and the Burden of Proof as to the Justifiability of the Act
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Aug. 23, 2002, 2001Da78898 (judgment)
Case name: 부인의소
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
If repayment of principal and interest made in the course of an application for commencement of composition proceedings after suspension of payments is an act valid under the Composition Act or an act that cannot be avoided under the Composition Act, is it excluded from the scope of avoidance of acts in the crisis period under the Bankruptcy Act?
Holding
Because avoidance of acts in the crisis period and avoidance under the Composition Act differ in their requirements for constitution and in their effects, even a payment that is valid under the Composition Act or not subject to avoidance thereunder falls within the scope of avoidance in the crisis period if the requirements for avoidance under the Bankruptcy Act are met. The Supreme Court held that avoidance is not available in exceptional cases where the justifiability of the act is recognized, but that the recipient must assert and prove the circumstances showing the absence of impropriety.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
설령 그 변제행위가 화의법 제31조에 의하여 유효한 행위 또는 화의법 제33조 단서에 의하여 부인권을 행사할 수 없는 행위에 해당한다고 하더라도 파산법상 부인권 행사의 성립요건을 갖춘 것이라면 이는 파산법 제64조 제2호 소정의 부인권 행사의 대상이 된다.
Unofficial English translation
Even if such act of payment constitutes a valid act under Article 31 of the Composition Act or an act with respect to which the right of avoidance cannot be exercised by virtue of the proviso to Article 33 of the same Act, if it satisfies the requirements for the exercise of the right of avoidance under the Bankruptcy Act, it becomes subject to the exercise of the right of avoidance under Article 64, subparagraph 2 of the Bankruptcy Act.
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The appeal is dismissed.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
행위의 상당성이 파산법상 부인권 행사의 요건인지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
whether the substantiality of the act is a requirement for the exercise of the right of avoidance under the Bankruptcy Act (affirmative)
Factors
- 채권자간의 평등을 저해하는 편파행위
- 행위 당시의 파산자의 재산 및 영업 상태
- 변제자금의 원천
- 파산자와 채권자와의 관계
- 채권자가 파산자와 통모하거나 동인에게 변제를 강요하는 등의 영향력을 행사하였는지 여부
Unofficial English translation
• preferential acts that impair equality among creditors
• the state of the debtor's property and business at the time of the act
• the source of the funds used for payment
• the relationship between the debtor and the creditor
• whether the creditor colluded with the debtor or exercised influence, such as coercing payment from the debtor
Relation to precedent
States a new standard Read from the decision
신의칙과 공평의 이념에 비추어 구체적으로 판단하여야 한다고 할 것이고
Unofficial English translation
must be determined concretely in light of the principle of good faith and the idea of fairness, and
Decisions referred to
None listed
Burden of proof
The opposing party Stated in the decision
입증책임은 상대방인 수익자에게 있다
Unofficial English translation
the burden of proof lies on the counterparty, namely the beneficiary
Open question and revisit condition
To what extent must circumstances be present for a payment made in response to a business partner's demand in order to maintain the debtor's business to be recognized as socially necessary and justifiable, or unavoidable?
If, in the system where the former Article 64 of the Bankruptcy Act and the regulation of the Composition Act were replaced by the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act, a judgment is rendered that interprets the requirements for the right of avoidance or the justifiability doctrine differently, this reading is checked again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
Compared with an independent reading by another family of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 6 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on Axis 4 (Form of the test) and Axis 6 (Relation to precedent).
Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”
If attention is paid to the fact that the original text presented justifiability as an exception requirement for exercising the right of avoidance, it may be read as Elements stated; if attention is paid to the fact that it directed various circumstances to be assessed in light of the principle of good faith and fairness, it may be read as Circumstances weighed.
신의칙과 공평의 이념에 비추어 구체적으로 판단하여야 한다Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Cannot be determined”
If attention is paid to the fact that the original text concretized the criteria for determining justifiability and the burden of proof, it may be read as States a new standard; but if attention is paid to the fact that its relationship to existing precedent is not expressly stated, it may be read as Cannot be determined.
신의칙과 공평의 이념에 비추어 구체적으로 판단하여야 한다고 할 것이고Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below held that the pre-bankruptcy company had its instruments dishonored on December 26, 1997 and was already in a state of suspended payments at the time of the payment in question, and therefore that the payments totaling KRW 96 million constituted acts of extinguishment of obligations after suspension of payments and were subject to avoidance. It further held that the payment in question could not be regarded as falling within the ordinary scope of Article 31 of the Composition Act, that even an act not subject to avoidance under the Composition Act is not excluded from the scope of avoidance under the Bankruptcy Act, and that Article 17 of the Composition Act merely prescribes the order of priority in the progress of the proceedings, and on those grounds rejected the defendant's argument.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that, although it was not appropriate for the court below to determine whether the payment was an act within the ordinary course under Article 31 of the Composition Act, the conclusion rejecting the defendant's argument was proper as a matter of legal principle. Furthermore, as to the contention that the impropriety was absent, considering that the payment was made unavoidably in response to the defendant's notice of withdrawal, that payments totaling KRW 3,240,346,978 were made to only 93 businesses, and that there was no consent of the provisional administrator or the court, it was difficult to find that the impropriety was absent; the Supreme Court therefore dismissed the final appeal.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the recipient of the payment did not know, at the time of the act, that a suspension of payments or a bankruptcy petition had taken place
- Where the recipient proves that the payment was socially necessary and justifiable, or unavoidable, in light of the source of the payment funds, the relationship between the bankrupt and the creditor, and other circumstances
- Where the payment is not repayment of principal and interest of a claim that has fallen due, or where the act was performed before the formal crisis period
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, first check in the Records whether the recipient exercised influence over the debtor, such as compelling the debtor to make the payment, whether the payment passed the consent of the provisional administrator or the court, and whether there are circumstances of selectively paying only certain creditors.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 파산법 제64조 제2호 소정의 위기부인의 대상이 되는 ‘파산채권자를 해하는 행위’에는 파산자의 일반재산을 절대적으로 감소시키는 사해행위 외에 채권자간의 평등을 저해하는 편파행위도 포함되는지 여부(적극) [2] 화의법 제31조에 의하여 제한되지 아니하는 행위 또는 같은 조에 의한 제한은 받으나 같은 법 제33조 단서에 의하여 화의법상 부인권을 행사할 수 없는 행위에 해당한다고 하여 당연히 파산법상 부인권 행사의 대상에서 제외되는지 여부(소극) [3] 파산법상 부인의 대상이 되지만 화의법상 부인의 대상이 되지 않는 경우에 화의법의 규정이 우선하는지 여부(소극) [4] 행위의 상당성이 파산법상 부인권 행사의 요건인지 여부(적극) [5] 행위의 상당성 여부의 판단 기준 및 그 주장·입증책임의 소재
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether an "act prejudicial to bankruptcy creditors" that is subject to avoidance in a state of insolvency under Article 64, subparagraph 2 of the Bankruptcy Act includes not only fraudulent acts that absolutely diminish the debtor's general assets but also preferential acts that impair equality among creditors (affirmative) [2] Whether an act that is not restricted under Article 31 of the Composition Act, or an act that is subject to restriction under the same Article but with respect to which the right of avoidance under the Composition Act cannot be exercised by virtue of the proviso to Article 33 of the same Act, is necessarily excluded from the acts subject to the exercise of the right of avoidance under the Bankruptcy Act (negative) [3] Whether the provisions of the Composition Act prevail in cases where an act is subject to avoidance under the Bankruptcy Act but is not subject to avoidance under the Composition Act (negative) [4] Whether the substantiality of the act is a requirement for the exercise of the right of avoidance under the Bankruptcy Act (affirmative) [5] The criteria for determining the substantiality of the act and the allocation of the burden of allegation and proof thereof
Summary of the holding
[1] 파산법 제64조 제2호 소정의 위기부인의 대상이 되는 ‘파산채권자를 해하는 행위’에는 파산자의 일반재산을 절대적으로 감소시키는 사해행위 외에 채권자간의 평등을 저해하는 편파행위도 포함된다고 할 것이고, 변제기가 도래한 채권을 변제하는 이른바 본지변제 행위가 형식적인 위기시기에 이루어진 경우에는 불평등 변제로서 위기부인의 대상이 될 수 있다. [2] 화의법 제31조는 화의개시신청이 있어도 채무자의 재산관리처분권은 상실되지 않지만 만일 그 재산관리를 채무자의 자유에 맡겨두면 채무자가 재산의 현상을 변경하거나 재산을 감소시켜 화의의 성립이나 화의조건의 이행이 곤란 또는 불가능하게 될 위험이 있음을 감안하여 화의개시신청 후 그 결정시까지 일정한 범위의 행위를 제한하려는 것일 뿐이고, 파산법 제64조 제2호 소정의 이른바 위기부인과 화의법 제33조 소정의 부인은 그 성립요건과 효력이 다르므로, 화의법 제31조에 의하여 제한되지 아니하는 행위 또는 같은 조에 의한 제한은 받으나 같은법 제33조 단서에 의하여 화의법상 부인권을 행사할 수 없는 행위에 해당한다고 하여 당연히 파산법상 부인권 행사의 대상에서 제외된다고 할 수는 없고, 따라서 파산법 제64조 제2호 소정의 ‘지급정지’ 이후에 화의개시신청을 한 상태에서 파산법 제64조 제2호 소정의 이른바 본지변제 행위를 한 경우에, 설령 그 변제행위가 화의법 제31조에 의하여 유효한 행위 또는 화의법 제33조 단서에 의하여 부인권을 행사할 수 없는 행위에 해당한다고 하더라도 파산법상 부인권 행사의 성립요건을 갖춘 것이라면 이는 파산법 제64조 제2호 소정의 부인권 행사의 대상이 된다. [3] 화의법 제17조 소정의 화의우선의 원칙은 채권자가 한 파산신청과 채무자가 한 화의개시신청이 동시에 법원에 계속중인 때에 화의절차를 우선시켜 화의절차가 종결될 때까지 파산절차를 당연히 중지시키고 화의절차만을 진행한다는 것에 불과하므로, 위의 규정이 있다고 하여 파산법상 부인의 대상이 되지만 화의법상 부인의 대상이 되지 않는 경우에 화의법의 규정이 우선하는 것으로 해석할 것은 아니다. [4] 파산법상 부인의 대상이 되는 행위가 파산채권자에게 유해하다고 하더라도 행위 당시의 개별적·구체적 사정에 따라서는 당해 행위가 사회적으로 필요하고 상당하였다거나 불가피하였다고 인정되어 일반 파산채권자가 파산재단의 감소나 불공평을 감수하여야 한다고 볼 수 있는 경우가 있을 수 있고, 그와 같은 예외적인 경우에는 채권자평등, 채무자의 보호와 파산이해관계의 조정이라는 파산법의 지도이념이나 정의관념에 비추어 파산법 제64조 소정의 부인권 행사의 대상이 될 수 없다고 보아야 한다. [5] 행위의 상당성 여부는 행위 당시의 파산자의 재산 및 영업 상태, 행위의 목적·의도와 동기 등 파산자의 주관적 상태를 고려함은 물론, 변제행위에 있어서는 변제자금의 원천, 파산자와 채권자와의 관계, 채권자가 파산자와 통모하거나 동인에게 변제를 강요하는 등의 영향력을 행사하였는지 여부 등을 기준으로 하여 신의칙과 공평의 이념에 비추어 구체적으로 판단하여야 한다고 할 것이고, 그와 같은 부당성의 요건을 흠결하였다는 사정에 대한 주장·입증책임은 상대방인 수익자에게 있다.
Order
상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.
Unofficial English translation
The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the defendant.
Provisions referred to
[1] 파산법 제64조 제2호 [2] 화의법 제31조, 제33조, 파산법 제64조 제2호 [3] 화의법 제17조, 파산법 제64조 제2호 [4] 파산법 제64조 [5] 파산법 제64조
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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