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Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance

The purpose requirement of the market price manipulation offense through matched orders and fictitious transactions, and the method of establishing it

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Nov. 27, 2001, 2001Do3567 (judgment)

Case name: 사기·증권거래법위반

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Under Article 188-4 (1) of the Securities and Exchange Act, in what circumstances is the subjective requirement of the offense — the purpose of misleading others into believing that active trading is under way, or of causing others to reach an erroneous judgment — established?

  2. Holding

    This purpose may coexist with other purposes, it is not required to ask which of them is the predominant one, and awareness of the possibility is sufficient. The Supreme Court held that even where the defendant does not confess, the purpose may be established by weighing circumstantial facts such as involvement in the closing price, the dispersal of orders among accounts held under borrowed names, and the lack of price reasonableness, and it reversed the court below, which had denied the purpose.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    이러한 목적은 다른 목적과의 공존여부나 어느 목적이 주된 것인지는 문제되지 아니하고, 그 목적에 대한 인식의 정도는 적극적 의욕이나 확정적 인식임을 요하지 아니하고 미필적 인식이 있으면 족하며

    Unofficial English translation

    Whether such purpose coexists with other purposes, or which purpose is the main one, is not at issue, and the degree of awareness of that purpose need not be an active desire or a definite recognition, and an awareness of the possibility is sufficient, and
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울지방법원 본원합의부에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the main courthouse of the Seoul District Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    그 목적에 대한 인식의 정도는 적극적 의욕이나 확정적 인식임을 요하지 아니하고 미필적 인식이 있으면 족하며

    Unofficial English translation

    the degree of awareness of that purpose need not be an active desire or a definite recognition, and an awareness of the possibility is sufficient, and
  5. Factors

    • 다른 목적과의 공존여부나 어느 목적이 주된 것인지는 문제되지 아니하고
    • 투자자의 오해를 실제로 유발하였는지 여부나 타인에게 손해가 발생하였는지 여부 등도 문제가 되지 아니하고
    • 매매거래의 동기와 태양(순차적 가격상승주문 또는 가장매매, 시장관여율의 정도, 지속적인 종가관여 등)
    • 거래의 경제적 합리성 및 공정성 등의 간접사실

    Unofficial English translation

    • Whether such purpose coexists with other purposes, or which purpose is the main one, is not at issue

    • Whether the investors' misunderstanding was actually induced, or whether any other person suffered loss, is likewise not at issue

    • The motive and manner of the trading (sequential price-raising orders or wash sales, the degree of market participation, continued involvement in the closing price, etc.)

    • Circumstantial facts such as the economic rationality and fairness of the trading

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Read from the decision

    대법원 2001. 6. 26. 선고 99도2282 판결(공2001하, 1781)

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 99Do2282 decided June 26, 2001 (Gong 2001 Ha, 1781)

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2001. 6. 26. 선고 99도2282 판결(공2001하, 1781)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Where the direct motive for matched orders is another purpose, such as raising funds, and the number of transactions and the effect on the stock price are small, what is the limit up to which the unlawful purpose may still be established on awareness of the possibility alone?

    If a subsequent decision clarifies a different interpretation of the purpose requirement of a provision that succeeded Article 188-4 (1) of the Securities and Exchange Act, this reading is to be re-examined.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

When compared with the independent reading of another family of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the 4th axis (Form of the test).

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”

Since the original text presents both the subjective requirement of awareness of the possibility and the integrated assessment of circumstantial facts, the primary reading may focus on the content of the requirements, while the independent reading may focus on the method of establishing them.

거래의 경제적 합리성 및 공정성 등의 간접사실을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단할 수 있다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below, while accepting that the defendants conspired to engage in matched sales and purchases and fictitious transactions, held that there was no evidence to establish the purpose, pointing out that the direct motive for the transactions was raising funds to acquire additional shares, evading the duty to report large shareholdings, and securing funds for loans; that there were only 4 transactions; that the prices were not unreasonable; that no fluctuation in the stock price was observed; and that the Securities Supervisory Service detected no suspicion. It accordingly reversed the first-instance judgment, which had found the defendants guilty, and entered a judgment of not guilty.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court stated that the purpose may coexist with other purposes, that awareness of the possibility suffices, and that neither a purpose of inducing securities transactions nor a purpose of obtaining improper profits is required. It further held that, weighing the total number of issued shares, the circumstances of the purchases, changes in shareholdings, the trend of the stock price, the dispersal of orders among accounts held under borrowed names at different securities companies, involvement in the closing price minutes before the market close, and the lack of economic rationality in the prices of the matched orders, there is room to establish the purpose, and found that the court below had committed a misapprehension of legal principles and a violation of the rules of evidence with respect to the unlawful purpose.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Cases where the fact of matched orders or fictitious transactions is not itself established, so that even the objective requirement is lacking
  • Cases where a provision subject to a different purpose requirement applies, such as the purpose of inducing securities transactions under paragraph (2) of the same Article or the purpose of fixing or stabilizing the market price under paragraph (3)
  • Cases where the time of the transactions, the operation of the accounts, and the determination of the prices do not differ from normal trading, so that no circumstantial fact supporting the purpose appears in the Records

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, one must check whether circumstantial facts such as involvement in the closing price, the dispersal of orders among accounts held under borrowed names, the divergence of prices compared with normal trading, and changes in the stock price and trading volume before and after the transactions are actually confirmed in the Records of the case at issue, and whether the transactions may be explained by another legitimate purpose alone.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 증권거래법 제188조의4 제1항 위반죄가 성립하기 위한 주관적 요건인 같은 항 소정의 '거래가 성황을 이루고 있는 듯이 잘못 알게 하거나, 기타 타인으로 하여금 그릇된 판단을 하게 할 목적'의 의미 및 그 판단 방법 [2] 피고인에게 주식의 거래가 성황을 이루고 있는 듯이 잘못 알게 하거나 기타 타인으로 하여금 그릇된 판단을 하게 할 목적이 있었다고 인정할 여지가 있다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] Meaning of "the purpose of misleading others into wrongly believing that trading is brisk, or of causing others to make erroneous judgments" as the subjective requirement for establishing the crime of violating Article 188-4 (1) of the Securities and Exchange Act, and the method of determining it [2] A case in which it was held that there was room to recognize that the defendant had the purpose of misleading others into wrongly believing that trading in stocks was brisk or of causing others to make erroneous judgments

Summary of the holding

[1] 증권거래법 제188조의4 제1항은 공개경쟁시장에서의 자연적인 수요공급에 따른 거래가 아닌 통정매매 또는 가장매매로 인한 거래량 또는 가격의 변화가 자유로운 공개경쟁시장에서의 자율적인 수요공급에 따른 정상적인 것인 양 타인을 오도하여 현실적인 시세조종을 용이하게 하는 위장거래행위를 금지하는 데에 그 취지가 있는바, 위 조항 위반죄가 성립하기 위하여는 통정매매 또는 가장매매 사실 외에 주관적 요건으로 거래가 성황을 이루고 있는 듯이 오인하게 하거나, 기타 타인으로 하여금 그릇된 판단을 하게 할 목적이 있어야 함은 물론이나, 이러한 목적은 다른 목적과의 공존여부나 어느 목적이 주된 것인지는 문제되지 아니하고, 그 목적에 대한 인식의 정도는 적극적 의욕이나 확정적 인식임을 요하지 아니하고 미필적 인식이 있으면 족하며, 투자자의 오해를 실제로 유발하였는지 여부나 타인에게 손해가 발생하였는지 여부 등도 문제가 되지 아니하고, 같은 조 제2항에서 요구되는 '매매거래를 유인할 목적'이나 제3항이 요구하는 '시세를 고정시키거나 안정시킬 목적', 그 밖에 '시세조종을 통하여 부당이득을 취득할 목적' 등이 요구되는 것도 아니고, 이러한 목적은 당사자가 이를 자백하지 않더라도 그 유가증권의 성격과 발행된 유가증권의 총수, 매매거래의 동기와 태양(순차적 가격상승주문 또는 가장매매, 시장관여율의 정도, 지속적인 종가관여 등), 그 유가증권의 가격 및 거래량의 동향, 전후의 거래상황, 거래의 경제적 합리성 및 공정성 등의 간접사실을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단할 수 있다. [2] 피고인에게 주식의 거래가 성황을 이루고 있는 듯이 잘못 알게 하거나 기타 타인으로 하여금 그릇된 판단을 하게 할 목적이 있었다고 인정할 여지가 있다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울지방법원 본원합의부에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the main courthouse of the Seoul District Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 증권거래법 제188조의4 제1항 [2] 증권거래법 제188조의4 제1항

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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