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Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance

Single Comprehensive Offense Liability for Market Manipulation and the Method of Calculating the Amount of Profit under Article 207-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, July 26, 2002, 2002Do1855 (judgment)

Case name: 증권거래법위반

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    How is 'the profit gained from the violation' in the proviso to Article 207-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act calculated, and how many offenses do repeated acts of market manipulation constitute?

  2. Holding

    The profit gained from the violation is the difference between total revenue and total costs; in market manipulation through actual transactions, it is the net trading profit derived by deducting the total purchase amount and transaction costs such as commissions and the securities transaction tax from the total sale amount. The Supreme Court held that market manipulation repeated under a single and continuous intent constitutes a single comprehensive offense, and that this provision does not violate the principle of legality in criminal law.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    당해 위반행위로 인하여 행위자가 얻은 이윤 즉 그 거래로 인한 총수입에서 그 거래를 위한 총 비용을 공제한 차액을 말하고

    Unofficial English translation

    the profit obtained by the actor from the violation in question, that is to say, the difference remaining after deducting the total costs for the transaction from the total revenue arising from that transaction, and
  3. Disposition

    Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결 중 피고인 2에 대한 부분을 파기하고 사건을 부산지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below as to Defendant 2 is reversed and the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the Busan District Court main court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    현실거래로 인한 시세조종행위로 얻은 이익은 그 시세조종행위와 관련된 유가증권거래의 총 매도금액에서 총 매수금액 외에 그 거래를 위한 매수수수료, 매도수수료, 증권거래세

    Unofficial English translation

    the gains obtained from an act of market manipulation through actual transactions mean, out of the total sales amount of the securities transactions related to that act of market manipulation, the total purchase amount, and in addition thereto the purchase commissions, sales commissions, and securities transaction tax incurred for those transactions
  5. Factors

    • 단일하고 계속된 범의하에 일정기간 계속하여 행하고 그 피해법익도 동일한 경우
    • 유가증권 거래의 공정성 및 유통의 원활성 확보라는 사회적 법익
    • 공소장에 첨부된 별지에 피고인이 얻은 이익 등을 산정할 수 있는 기초자료가 명시되어 있고
    • 피고인의 방어권 행사에 실질적인 불이익을 초래할 염려가 없다
    • 매수수수료, 매도수수료, 증권거래세

    Unofficial English translation

    • where the acts are committed continuously over a certain period under a single and continuing intent, and the protected legal interest is also the same

    • the social legal interest of securing the fairness of securities transactions and the smooth circulation of securities

    • the basic data from which the gains obtained by the defendant, etc. can be calculated are expressly set out in the separate sheet attached to the indictment, and

    • there is no concern that any substantial disadvantage would be caused to the exercise of the defendant's right of defense

    • purchase commissions, sales commissions, securities transaction tax

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2002. 6. 14. 선고 2002도1256 판결(공2002하, 1741)

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2002Do1256 decided June 14, 2002 (Gong 2002 Ha, 1741)

    Decisions referred to

    [1][3] 대법원 2002. 6. 14. 선고 2002도1256 판결(공2002하, 1741) / [1] 대법원 1996. 4. 23. 선고 96도417 판결(공1996상, 1649), 대법원 2002. 7. 22. 선고 2002도1696 판결(공2002하, 2100), 대법원 2002. 7. 26. 선고 2001도4947 판결(공2002하, 2127) / [4] 대법원 1998. 6. 18. 선고 97도2231 전원합의체 판결(공1998하, 1936), 대법원 1999. 10. 12. 선고 99도2309 판결(공1999하, 2379), 대법원 2000. 11. 16. 선고 98도3665 전원합의체 판결(공2001상, 100), 대법원 2001. 11. 13. 선고 2001도3531 판결(공2002상, 122)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    When transactions related to market manipulation are mixed with transactions that are not so related, how is the scope of the transactions subject to the calculation of net trading profit determined?

    If provisions on the calculation of unjust enrichment under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, which replaced Article 207-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act, or subsequent decisions concerning the calculation of the amount of profit come to light, this reading will be re-examined.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

Compared against an independent reading by another family of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and on the 8th axis (Open question and revisit condition) the readings diverged.

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “When transactions related to market manipulation are mixed with transactions that are not so related, how is the scope of the transactions subject to the calculation of net trading profit determined?” vs Independent “Even if the amount of profit can be calculated from the materials appended to the indictment, under what circumstances does the imposition of the enhanced fine without amendment of the indictment cause a substantive disadvantage to the defendant's right of defense?”

The primary reading asks about the scope of the transactions to be included in the calculation of profit, whereas the independent reading asks about the circumstances under which the imposition of an enhanced fine without amendment of the indictment causes a disadvantage to the right of defense.

당해 위반행위로 인하여 행위자가 얻은 이윤 즉 그 거래로 인한 총수입에서 그 거래를 위한 총 비용을 공제한 차액을 말하고

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below viewed the defendants' acts as constituting, for each subparagraph of the charged facts, a single comprehensive offense in violation of the prohibition on unfair trade practices. It also adjudicated on the premise that three times the profit of Defendant 2 and the like exceeded 20 million won, without any amendment of the indictment. The amount of profit was calculated by multiplying the price-difference gain from each act by the manipulation participation rate, obtained by dividing the daily trading volume related to Defendant 2 by the total trading volume; whether transaction costs were taken into account is unclear.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court viewed the finding of a single comprehensive offense as in principle well-founded. Although paragraphs (1) and (2) of the charged facts should in their entirety have been treated as a single offense, this did not affect the judgment because it had no effect on the sentence to be imposed or on the right of defense. The arguments that the principle of no trial and punishment without a complaint was violated and that the principle of legality in criminal law was violated were not accepted. However, the failure to calculate the amount of profit as net trading profit, that is, by deducting the total purchase amount and transaction costs from the total sale amount, was held to be a misapprehension of legal principles; the part concerning Defendant 2 was reversed and remanded, and Defendant 1's final appeal was dismissed.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A case in which market manipulation was carried out at different times under separate intents rather than under a single and continuous intent, so that the premise for a single comprehensive offense is not satisfied
  • A case involving violation through means other than actual transactions, or in which loss avoidance is at issue, so that the method of calculating net trading profit does not fit as it stands
  • A case in which the underlying data for calculating the profit are found neither in the body of the indictment nor in the appended annex, and the prosecution's sentencing demand also did not proceed on the premise that the amount exceeded 20 million won

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, confirm from the record whether transaction costs such as purchase commissions, sales commissions, and the securities transaction tax were in fact examined, and whether the transactions subject to calculation were limited to transactions related to the market manipulation.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 주식시세조종의 목적으로 허위매수주문행위, 고가매수주문행위 및 통정매매행위 등을 반복한 경우의 죄수(=포괄일죄) [2] 공소사실의 본문에 피고인이 시세조종 등의 행위로 얻은 이익 등의 3배에 해당하는 금액이 2천만 원을 초과한다는 점이 명시되어 있지 않지만 공소장에 첨부된 자료를 종합하면 이를 인정할 수 있고, 검사 또한 이를 전제로 구형을 하고 있다면, 공소장변경절차 없이 시세조종 등의 행위로 얻은 이익 등의 3배에 해당하는 금액이 2천만 원을 초과함을 전제로 피고인을 처단한 것이 불고불리의 원칙에 위배되지 않는다고 한 사례 [3] 증권거래법 제207조의2 단서 소정의 '위반행위로 얻은 이익'의 의미 [4] 증권거래법 제207조의2가 그 규정상의 이익액을 산출해 낼 합리적인 해석 기준이 불명확하여 죄형법정주의에 위반되는지 여부(소극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Number of offenses (=single comprehensive offense) where acts of fictitious purchase orders, high-priced purchase orders, and matched orders were repeatedly committed for the purpose of manipulating stock prices [2] A case holding that, although the body of the indictment does not expressly state that the amount equivalent to three times the gains obtained by the defendant from acts of market manipulation, etc. exceeds 20 million won, where this can be found by comprehensively examining the materials attached to the indictment, and the prosecutor has also sought sentence on that premise, sentencing the defendant on the premise that the amount equivalent to three times the gains obtained from acts of market manipulation, etc. exceeds 20 million won, without any procedure for amendment of the indictment, does not violate the principle of no trial without indictment [3] Meaning of "gains obtained from the violation" as used in the proviso to Article 207-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act [4] Whether Article 207-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act violates the principle of legality on the ground that no reasonable interpretive standard for calculating the amount of gains under that provision is clear (negative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 동일 죄명에 해당하는 수 개의 행위를 단일하고 계속된 범의하에 일정기간 계속하여 행하고 그 피해법익도 동일한 경우에는 이들 각 행위를 모두 포괄하여 일죄로 처단하여야 할 것인바, 주식시세조종의 목적으로 허위매수주문행위, 고가매수주문행위 및 통정매매행위 등을 반복한 경우, 이는 시세조종 등 불공정거래의 금지를 규정하고 있는 증권거래법 제188조의4에 해당하는 수개의 행위를 단일하고 계속된 범의하에서 일정기간 계속하여 반복한 범행이라 할 것이고, 이 범죄의 보호법익은 유가증권시장 또는 협회중개시장에서의 유가증권 거래의 공정성 및 유통의 원활성 확보라는 사회적 법익이고 각각의 유가증권 소유자나 발행자 등 개개인의 재산적 법익은 직접적인 보호법익이 아닌 점에 비추어 위 각 범행의 피해법익의 동일성도 인정되므로, 증권거래법 제188조의4 소정의 불공정거래행위금지위반의 포괄일죄가 성립한다. [2] 공소장의 공소사실 본문에 피고인이 시세조종 등의 행위로 얻은 이익 또는 회피한 손실액의 3배에 해당하는 금액이 2천만 원을 초과한다는 점이 명시되어 있지 않으나, 공소장의 본문의 내용과 일체가 되어 공소사실을 이루는 공소장에 첨부된 별지에 피고인이 얻은 이익 등을 산정할 수 있는 기초자료가 명시되어 있고 그 기재를 종합하면 피고인이 얻은 이익 등의 3배액이 2천만 원을 초과한 것으로 볼 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 검사 또한 이를 전제로 하여 구형하고 있다면, 피고인에 대한 공소사실에는 시세조종 등의 행위로 얻은 이익 등의 3배에 해당하는 금액이 2천만 원을 초과한다는 사실이 포함되어 있다고 볼 수 있으며, 이렇게 보더라도 피고인의 방어권 행사에 실질적인 불이익을 초래할 염려가 없다 할 것이므로, 공소장변경절차를 거치지 아니하고 피고인이 시세조종 등 행위로 얻은 이익 등의 3배에 해당하는 금액이 2천만 원을 초과함을 전제로 하여 피고인을 처단한 것이 불고불리의 원칙에 위배되지 않는다고 한 사례. [3] 증권거래법 제207조의2 단서는 같은 법 제188조의4 규정에 위반한 행위로 얻은 이익 또는 회피한 손실액의 3배에 해당하는 금액이 2천만 원을 초과하는 때에는 그 이익 또는 회피손실액의 3배에 상당하는 금액 이하의 벌금에 처하도록 규정하고 있는바, 여기에서 '위반행위로 얻은 이익'이라 함은 거기에 함께 규정되어 있는 '손실액'에 반대되는 개념으로서 당해 위반행위로 인하여 행위자가 얻은 이윤 즉 그 거래로 인한 총수입에서 그 거래를 위한 총 비용을 공제한 차액을 말하고, 따라서 현실거래로 인한 시세조종행위로 얻은 이익은 그 시세조종행위와 관련된 유가증권거래의 총 매도금액에서 총 매수금액 외에 그 거래를 위한 매수수수료, 매도수수료, 증권거래세(증권거래소의 경우 농어촌특별세를 포함한다) 등의 거래비용도 공제한 나머지 순매매이익을 의미한다. [4] 처벌법규의 입법목적이나 그 전체적 내용, 구조 등을 살펴보아 사물의 변별능력을 제대로 갖춘 일반인의 이해와 판단으로서 그의 구성요건 요소에 해당하는 행위유형을 정형화하거나 한정할 합리적 해석기준을 찾을 수 있다면 죄형법정주의가 요구하는 형벌법규의 명확성의 원칙에 반하는 것이 아닌바, 증권거래법 제207조의2의 규정상의 이익액을 산출해 낼 합리적 해석기준이 분명하여 처벌규정으로서의 명확성을 지니는 것이어서 헌법 제12조의 죄형법정주의에 위반되지 않는다.

Order

원심판결 중 피고인 2에 대한 부분을 파기하고 사건을 부산지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다. 피고인 1의 상고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below as to Defendant 2 is reversed and the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the Busan District Court main court. The final appeal of Defendant 1 is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 형법 제37조, 증권거래법 제188조의4 제1항, 제2항, 제207조의2 [2] 증권거래법 제207조의2, 형사소송법 제254조, 제298조 [3] 증권거래법 제188조의4, 제207조의2 [4] 증권거래법 제207조의2, 헌법 제12조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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