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Open Decision Ledger · Rehabilitation & bankruptcy

Starting Point of the 15-Day Period for Avoidance of the Opposability Requirement under the Corporate Reorganization Act and the Scope of Avoidance under Article 78

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Feb. 12, 2004, 2003Da53497 (judgment)

Case name: 부인의소

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    When does the 15-day period under Article 80 (1) of the Corporate Reorganization Act begin to run, and are an act satisfying the opposability requirement or a creditor's exercise of the right to complete a preliminary agreement subject to avoidance under Article 78 of the same Act?

  2. Holding

    The 15-day period begins to run on the day on which the effect of the underlying act arises; an act satisfying the opposability requirement may be avoided only when the requirements of Article 80 are met, and is not a separate subject of avoidance under Article 78. It was held that the subject of avoidance is in principle an act of the company prior to reorganization, and that acts of a creditor or a third party may also be avoided only where the act can be equated with an act of the company, as in cases of collusion or the like.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    권리변동의 대항요건을 구비하는 행위는 같은 법 제80조 소정의 엄격한 요건을 충족시키는 경우에만 부인의 대상이 될 뿐이지, 이와 별도로 같은 법 제78조에 의한 부인의 대상이 될 수는 없다.

    Unofficial English translation

    An act satisfying the opposability requirement for a change of rights may become the subject of avoidance only where it meets the strict requirements prescribed in Article 80 of the same Act, and cannot separately become the subject of avoidance under Article 78 of the same Act.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The appeal is dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    대항요건을 구비하여야 하는 위 15일의 기간은 권리변동의 원인행위가 이루어진 날이 아니고 그 원인행위의 효력이 발생하는 날부터 기산하여야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The 15-day period above, for which the opposability requirement must be satisfied, must be computed not from the date on which the underlying act causing the change of rights was performed, but from the date on which the effect of the underlying act arises.
  5. Factors

    • 그 원인행위의 효력이 발생하는 날부터 기산하여야 한다
    • 권리변동의 원인이 되는 행위를 부인할 수 없는 경우
    • 부인의 대상은 원칙적으로 정리 전 회사의 행위라고 할 것이고
    • 정리 전 회사와의 통모 등 특별한 사정이 있어서 채권자 또는 제3자의 행위를 회사의 행위와 동일시할 수 있는 경우

    Unofficial English translation

    • must be computed from the date on which the effect of the underlying act arises

    • where the act that constitutes the cause of the change of rights cannot be avoided

    • the subject of avoidance is, in principle, an act of the company prior to reorganization, and

    • where there are special circumstances such as collusion with the company prior to reorganization, such that an act of a creditor or a third party may be identified with an act of the company

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2002. 7. 9. 선고 2001다46761 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2001Da46761 decided July 9, 2002

    Decisions referred to

    [3] 대법원 2002. 7. 9. 선고 99다73159 판결(공2002하, 1899), 대법원 2002. 7. 9. 선고 2001다46761 판결(공2002하, 1910)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    In what facts is the special circumstance recognized whereby the exercise of the right to complete a preliminary agreement can be equated with an act of the company on the ground of collusion with the company?

    If a new decision is rendered on the provision avoiding the opposability requirement under the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act, which succeeded the avoidance provisions of the Corporate Reorganization Act, this reading will be checked again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

When compared with an independent reading by another AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “In what facts is the special circumstance recognized whereby the exercise of the right to complete a preliminary agreement can be equated with an act of the company on the ground of collusion with the company?” vs Independent “What is included in the special circumstances, other than collusion, whereby the act of a creditor or a third party can be equated with an act of the company?”

The first reading asks about the specific facts by which the exercise of the right to complete a preliminary agreement is equated with an act of the company through collusion, while the independent reading asks about the scope of special circumstances other than collusion.

권리변동의 대항요건을 구비하는 행위는 같은 법 제80조 소정의 엄격한 요건을 충족시키는 경우에만 부인의 대상이 될 뿐이지, 이와 별도로 같은 법 제78조에 의한 부인의 대상이 될 수는 없다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below (Seoul High Court 2002Na32747) viewed the agreement in this Case as a security assignment of collective claims in the form of a preliminary agreement, held that the right had been transferred as of May 16, 2001, the time of completion of the preliminary agreement, and that, since the defendant gave notice of the assignment of claims within 15 days therefrom, avoidance under Article 80 was not established; that the notice, being separable from the underlying act, did not become a subject of avoidance under Article 78; and that the defendant's exercise of the right to complete the preliminary agreement was the defendant's own act, and there was no Evidence to recognize collusion with the company or the like. In addition, it rejected, for lack of Evidence, the contentions that the agreement did not violate Articles 607 and 608 of the Civil Act and that the agreement itself contained a ground for avoidance under Article 78 (1) 1.

Supreme Court standard: While clarifying the legal principle concerning the starting point of the 15-day period, the scope of acts satisfying the opposability requirement as subjects of avoidance, and the requirements for the exceptional avoidance of acts of a creditor, the Supreme Court viewed the judgment of the court below as proper in accordance with this legal principle and dismissed the plaintiff's final appeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A Case in which the underlying act takes effect at the same time as the conclusion of the contract, so that the starting point coincides with the date of the agreement
  • A Case in which the underlying act causing the change in the right itself satisfies the requirements for avoidance under Article 78, so that the underlying act may be avoided
  • A Case in which Evidence discloses circumstances whereby the act of the creditor can be equated with an act of the company, such as collusion with the company prior to reorganization

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, it needs to be checked whether the agreement at issue takes the form of a preliminary agreement for payment in kind, such that the effect of transfer of the right arises at the time of completion of the preliminary agreement, and whether there are no materials showing special circumstances such as collusion between the company and the creditor.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 회사정리법 제80조 제1항에서 정한 기간의 기산점(=원인행위의 효력이 발생하는 날) [2] 회사정리법 제80조의 규정 취지 및 권리변동의 대항요건을 구비하는 행위가 같은 법 제78조에 의한 부인의 대상이 되는지 여부(소극) [3] 회사정리법 제78조 제1항 소정의 부인의 대상이 되는 ‘회사의 행위’의 범위 및 채권자 또는 제3자의 행위도 부인의 대상으로 할 수 있는지 여부(한정 적극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] The starting point of the period prescribed in Article 80(1) of the Corporate Reorganization Act (= the date on which the effect of the underlying act arises) [2] The purport of Article 80 of the Corporate Reorganization Act and whether an act satisfying the opposability requirement for a change of rights may become the subject of avoidance under Article 78 of the same Act (negative) [3] The scope of "an act of the company" subject to avoidance under Article 78(1) of the Corporate Reorganization Act and whether an act of a creditor or a third party may also become the subject of avoidance (limited affirmative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 회사정리법 제80조 제1항은 "지급의 정지 또는 파산, 화의개시, 정리절차개시의 신청이 있은 후 권리의 설정, 이전 또는 변경으로써 제3자에 대항하기 위하여 필요한 행위를 한 경우에 그 행위가 권리의 설정, 이전 또는 변경이 있은 날로부터 15일을 경과한 후 악의로 한 것인 때에는 이를 부인할 수 있다."라고 규정하고 있는바, 대항요건을 구비하여야 하는 위 15일의 기간은 권리변동의 원인행위가 이루어진 날이 아니고 그 원인행위의 효력이 발생하는 날부터 기산하여야 한다. [2] 회사정리법 제80조가 대항요건 내지 효력발생요건 자체를 독자적인 부인의 대상으로 규정하고 있는 취지는 대항요건 내지 효력발생요건 구비행위도 본래 같은 법 제78조의 일반 규정에 의한 부인의 대상이 되어야 하지만, 권리변동의 원인이 되는 행위를 부인할 수 없는 경우에는 가능한 한 대항요건 내지 효력발생요건을 구비시켜 당사자가 의도한 목적을 달성시키면서 같은 법 제80조 소정의 엄격한 요건을 충족시키는 경우에만 특별히 이를 부인할 수 있도록 한 것이라고 해석되므로, 권리변동의 대항요건을 구비하는 행위는 같은 법 제80조 소정의 엄격한 요건을 충족시키는 경우에만 부인의 대상이 될 뿐이지, 이와 별도로 같은 법 제78조에 의한 부인의 대상이 될 수는 없다. [3] 회사정리법 제78조 제1항 각 호의 규정에 의하면, 부인의 대상은 원칙적으로 정리 전 회사의 행위라고 할 것이고, 다만 회사의 행위가 없었다고 하더라도 정리 전 회사와의 통모 등 특별한 사정이 있어서 채권자 또는 제3자의 행위를 회사의 행위와 동일시할 수 있는 경우에는 예외적으로 그 채권자 또는 제3자의 행위도 부인의 대상으로 할 수 있다.

Order

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.

Unofficial English translation

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the plaintiff.

Provisions referred to

[1] 회사정리법 제80조 제1항 [2] 회사정리법 제78조, 제80조 [3] 회사정리법 제78조 제1항

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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