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Open Decision Ledger · Rehabilitation & bankruptcy

Whether Payment of Principal and Interest After Suspension of Payment Is Subject to Avoidance as an Act in a State of Crisis, the Burden of Proving Its Adequacy, and Exclusion of the Period of Prior Insolvency Proceedings From the Exercise Period

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Mar. 26, 2004, 2003Da65049 (judgment)

Case name: 선급금반환

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Whether an act of paying an obligation whose payment fell due after a suspension of payment is subject to avoidance as an act in a state of crisis, who must prove its adequacy, and whether the period consumed by prior composition and corporate reorganization proceedings is included in the one-year period under Article 76 of the Bankruptcy Act?

  2. Holding

    Acts that prejudice bankruptcy creditors within the scope of avoidance of acts in a state of crisis include preferential acts, so payment of principal and interest made during the formally determined period of crisis may also be avoided. The circumstance that unfairness is absent by reason of the adequacy of the act must be asserted and proved by the beneficiary, and the period consumed by prior insolvency proceedings is in principle not included in the exercise period for such avoidance, absent special circumstances.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    지급정지 후에 회사정리절차 또는 화의절차 등의 선행 도산절차를 거쳐 파산선고가 된 경우에는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 파산법 제76조의 위기부인의 행사기간에 회사정리절차 또는 화의절차로 인하여 소요된 기간은 산입되지 아니한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Where a declaration of bankruptcy is made after preceding insolvency proceedings such as corporate reorganization procedure or composition procedure are undergone following a suspension of payments, unless there are special circumstances, the period spent on the corporate reorganization procedure or composition procedure is not included in the period for exercising avoidance in the critical period under Article 76 of the Bankruptcy Act.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The appeal is dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    변제기가 도래한 채권을 변제하는 이른바 본지변제 행위가 형식적인 위기시기에 이루어진 경우에는 불평등 변제로서 위기부인의 대상이 될 수 있다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Where the so-called act of paying a due debt is made during a formal critical period, it may become subject to avoidance in the critical period as a payment resulting in unequal treatment.
  5. Factors

    • 행위 당시의 파산자의 재산 및 영업 상태
    • 변제자금의 원천
    • 파산자와 채권자와의 관계
    • 채권자가 파산자와 통모하거나 동인에게 변제를 강요하는 등의 영향력을 행사하였는지 여부

    Unofficial English translation

    • The state of the bankrupt's property and business at the time of the act

    • The source of the funds used for the payment

    • The relationship between the bankrupt and the creditor

    • Whether the creditor colluded with the bankrupt or exercised influence such as compelling the bankrupt to make payment

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2002. 8. 23. 선고 2001다78898 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2001Da78898 decided August 23, 2002

    Decisions referred to

    [1][2] 대법원 2002. 8. 23. 선고 2001다78898 판결(공2002하, 2199)

  7. Burden of proof

    The opposing party Stated in the decision

    상대방인 수익자에게 있다

    Unofficial English translation

    lies with the beneficiary as the counterparty
  8. Open question and revisit condition

    In what cases may special circumstances be recognized that would warrant including the period of prior insolvency proceedings in the exercise period for avoidance of acts in a state of crisis?

    If, after the Bankruptcy Act was replaced by the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act, a judgment appears that interprets the provision on the exercise period for the right of avoidance differently, this reading will be checked again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

In comparison with an independent reading by another AI lineage (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on Axis 4 (Form of the test).

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”

The fact that the original text presented adequacy as an element of the exception to avoidance may be read as Elements stated, while the fact that it directed adequacy to be assessed in light of multiple circumstances, such as the state of the assets, the motive, and the source of the funds, may be read as Circumstances weighed.

신의칙과 공평의 이념에 비추어 구체적으로 판단하여야 한다

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below treated the payment of unpaid goods price of KRW 30 million to the defendant, made after the third-party company was dishonored on December 26, 1997 and fell into a state of suspension of payment, as an act extinguishing obligations after the suspension of payment. Although there were circumstances in which the payment was made of necessity upon notice from a tenant store that it would withdraw from the sales floor, the court below found it difficult to conclude that unfairness was absent, considering that, while in a state of excess liabilities, only 93 companies were selected and approximately KRW 3.2 billion was paid, and that no consent of the preservation custodian or the court had been obtained. The claim of safekeeping deposit was rejected on the ground that the return of a consumption deposit is also an act extinguishing obligations, and the good-faith defense was rejected on the ground that it ratified the defendant's bad faith; and the court below held that, if the period of the composition and corporate reorganization proceedings from December 26, 1997 to February 19, 1999 is deducted, the act of payment fell within one year before the declaration of bankruptcy on March 4, 1999.

Supreme Court standard: While confirming the existing legal principle that preferential acts are also subject to avoidance as acts in a state of crisis and that the burden of asserting and proving the absence of unfairness lies with the beneficiary, the Supreme Court found the court below's assessment of prejudice and unfairness persuasive. It also set out the legal principle that the period consumed by prior insolvency proceedings is not included in the exercise period under Article 76, regarded the court below's calculation of the period as proper, and dismissed the final appeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where it is recognized that the beneficiary did not know of the suspension of payment or the fact that a bankruptcy petition had been filed at the time of payment
  • Where the adequacy of the act is recognized by reason of the source of the funds used for payment or the unavoidability of continuing the business, so that unfairness is absent
  • Where, after the suspension of payment, more than one year elapsed without going through prior insolvency proceedings before a declaration of bankruptcy was made, or where special circumstances warranting inclusion of the period are recognized

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, check whether the payment was made with the consent of the court or the preservation custodian, and whether the beneficiary can prove concrete circumstances supporting adequacy.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 파산법 제64조 제2호에 규정된 위기부인의 대상이 되는 ‘파산채권자를 해하는 행위’에 채권자 간의 평등을 저해하는 편파행위도 포함되는지 여부(적극) 및 변제기가 도래한 채권을 변제하는 행위가 형식적인 위기시기에 이루어진 경우, 위기부인의 대상이 될 수 있는지 여부(적극) [2] 행위의 상당성이 파산법상 부인권 행사의 요건인지 여부(적극) 및 행위의 상당성 여부에 대한 판단 기준과 그 주장·입증책임의 소재 [3] 파산법 제76조의 규정 취지 및 지급정지 후에 회사정리절차 또는 화의절차 등의 선행 도산절차를 거쳐 파산선고가 된 경우, 파산법 제76조의 위기부인의 행사기간에 선행 도산절차로 인하여 소요된 기간이 산입되는지 여부(소극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Whether an "act prejudicial to a bankruptcy creditor" as the subject of avoidance in the critical period prescribed in subparagraph 2 of Article 64 of the Bankruptcy Act includes an act of preference that impairs equality among creditors (affirmative), and whether an act of paying a claim whose due date has arrived may become subject to avoidance in the critical period when it was made during a formal critical period (affirmative) [2] Whether the propriety of an act is a requirement for the exercise of the right of avoidance under the Bankruptcy Act (affirmative), and the criteria for determining whether an act is proper and where the burden of allegation and proof thereon lies [3] The purpose of Article 76 of the Bankruptcy Act and, where a declaration of bankruptcy is made after preceding insolvency proceedings such as corporate reorganization procedure or composition procedure are undergone following a suspension of payments, whether the period spent on the preceding insolvency proceedings is included in the period for exercising avoidance in the critical period under Article 76 of the Bankruptcy Act (negative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 파산법 제64조 제2호에 규정된 위기부인의 대상이 되는 ‘파산채권자를 해하는 행위’에는 파산자의 일반재산을 절대적으로 감소시키는 사해행위 외에 채권자 간의 평등을 저해하는 편파행위도 포함된다고 할 것이고, 변제기가 도래한 채권을 변제하는 이른바 본지변제 행위가 형식적인 위기시기에 이루어진 경우에는 불평등 변제로서 위기부인의 대상이 될 수 있다. [2] 파산법상 부인의 대상이 되는 행위가 파산채권자에게 유해하다고 하더라도 행위 당시의 개별적·구체적 사정에 따라서는 당해 행위가 사회적으로 필요하고 상당하였다거나 불가피하였다고 인정되어 일반 파산채권자가 파산재단의 감소나 불공평을 감수하여야 한다고 볼 수 있는 경우가 있을 수 있고, 그와 같은 예외적인 경우에는 채권자 평등, 채무자의 보호와 파산 이해관계의 조정이라는 파산법의 지도이념이나 정의관념에 비추어 파산법 제64조 소정의 부인권 행사의 대상이 될 수 없다고 보아야 할 것이며, 여기에서 그 행위의 상당성 여부는 행위 당시의 파산자의 재산 및 영업 상태, 행위의 목적·의도와 동기 등 파산자의 주관적 상태를 고려함은 물론, 변제행위에 있어서는 변제자금의 원천, 파산자와 채권자와의 관계, 채권자가 파산자와 통모하거나 동인에게 변제를 강요하는 등의 영향력을 행사하였는지 여부 등을 기준으로 하여 신의칙과 공평의 이념에 비추어 구체적으로 판단하여야 한다고 할 것이고, 그와 같은 부당성의 요건을 흠결하였다는 사정에 대한 주장·입증책임은 상대방인 수익자에게 있다. [3] 파산법 제76조는 "파산선고가 있은 날로부터 1년 전에 한 행위는 지급정지의 사실을 안 것을 이유로 하여 이를 부인할 수 없다."고 규정하고 있는바, 이는 지급정지로부터 1년 이상 경과한 후 파산선고가 되었다면 지급정지와 파산선고 사이에 인과관계가 있다고 보기 어렵고, 수익자의 지위를 장기간 불안정한 상태에 방치하는 것은 부당하다는 취지에서 둔 규정이며, 회사정리절차 또는 화의절차로 인하여 법률상 파산선고를 할 수 없는 기간을 위기부인의 행사기간에 산입하는 것은 형평의 원칙에 반한다는 점 등을 고려하면, 지급정지 후에 회사정리절차 또는 화의절차 등의 선행 도산절차를 거쳐 파산선고가 된 경우에는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 파산법 제76조의 위기부인의 행사기간에 회사정리절차 또는 화의절차로 인하여 소요된 기간은 산입되지 아니한다.

Order

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.

Unofficial English translation

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the defendant.

Provisions referred to

[1] 파산법 제64조 [2] 파산법 제64조 [3] 파산법 제76조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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