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Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance

Whether Article 188-4 (4) of the former Securities and Exchange Act applies to off-exchange face-to-face transactions and whether causation is required for the offense of using false documents

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Apr. 14, 2006, 2003Do6759 (judgment)

Case name: 증권거래법위반

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Does Article 188-4 (4) of the former Securities and Exchange Act apply also to off-exchange direct and face-to-face transactions in unlisted securities, and, for an offense under subparagraph 2 of the same paragraph to be established, must there be causation between the act of using a document bearing false or defective statements and the misunderstanding of another person?

  2. Holding

    Because paragraph (4) is a general provision that limits neither the object nor the place of transaction, it applies also to all off-exchange direct and face-to-face transactions in securities. Because subparagraph 2 was amended into a purposive offense, the court held that the offense is established as soon as a document bearing false or defective statements is used for the purpose of causing a misunderstanding, and that causation with an actual misunderstanding is not required.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    허위·부실 표시 문서 이용행위와 타인의 오해 사이의 인과관계 여부는 위 죄의 성립에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않는다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Whether there is causation between the act of using a document containing a false or insufficient statement and another person's misunderstanding has no effect whatsoever on the establishment of said offense.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The appeal is dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    중요한 사항에 관한 허위·부실 표시 문서를 이용한 이상 그로써 바로 위 조항 위반죄가 성립하는 것이고

    Unofficial English translation

    once a document containing a false or insufficient statement regarding an important matter has been used, the offense of violating the aforesaid Article is established thereby, and
  5. Factors

    • 장외시장에서의 직접·대면거래에 대하여도 마찬가지로 적용된다고 봄이 상당하다
    • 결과범 형식으로 규정되어 있던 것을
    • 목적범 형식으로 바꾼 것인바
    • 문서 이용행위로 인하여 실제

    Unofficial English translation

    • it is reasonable to regard it as likewise applicable to direct, face-to-face transactions in the over-the-counter market

    • which had been prescribed in the form of a result offense,

    • was changed to the form of a purpose offense, and

    • due to the act of using the document, actual

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2002. 11. 26. 선고 2002도4561 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2002Do4561 decided November 26, 2002

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2002. 11. 26. 선고 2002도4561 판결

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    By what standard is it determined whether the false or defective statements in the document concern a material matter, and by what circumstances is the purpose of causing a misunderstanding recognized?

    If the interpretation of the provision prohibiting unfair trading under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, corresponding to Article 188-4 (4) of the former Securities and Exchange Act, changes, this reading will be re-examined.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

In comparison with an independent reading by another line of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on axis 5 (Factors).

Axis 5 (Factors): Primary “It is reasonable to view that it likewise applies to direct and face-to-face transactions in the over-the-counter market / what had been prescribed in the form of a consequential offense / was changed to the form of a purposive offense / and therefore actual, by the act of using documents” vs Independent “All securities included in the securities defined in each subparagraph of Article 2 (1) and paragraph (2) of the same Act / documents making false representations on material matters or omitting the statement of necessary facts / in order to obtain money or other pecuniary benefit by causing another person to have a misunderstanding”

The first reading places emphasis on the application to off-exchange transactions, on the amendment from a consequential offense to a purposive offense, and on the unrequirement of an actual result, whereas the independent reading places emphasis on the scope of securities, the content of the document, and the purpose of obtaining a benefit.

허위·부실 표시 문서 이용행위와 타인의 오해 사이의 인과관계 여부는 위 죄의 성립에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않는다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below (Seoul Central District Court, judgment 2002No8457 pronounced October 22, 2003) held that Article 188-4 (4) applies also to direct and face-to-face transactions in the over-the-counter market, and found the defendant criminally liable for violating subparagraph 2 of the same paragraph. The remaining specific findings of the court below cannot be confirmed from the reasons.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court regarded the holding of the court below as proper and rejected the argument of misapprehension of legal principles concerning the scope of application and the interpretation of the constituent elements. The Supreme Court added that causation is not required for the offense of violating subparagraph 2, but that causation was also established here because the document in this case was delivered before the final decision on whether to purchase and affected the evaluation of the counterparty company.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the act is governed by the provision in the form of a consequential offense as in force before the amendment of January 13, 1997, and causation with the actual acquisition of a pecuniary benefit is required
  • Where the false representations or omissions in the document used do not concern a material matter
  • Where the purpose of using the document to cause another person to have a misunderstanding in order to obtain a pecuniary benefit is not recognized

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, one must first check whether the applicable provision is the one that has been amended into the form of a purposive offense, whether the false or defective statements in the document concern a material matter, and whether the purpose of causing a misunderstanding is recognized at the time of use.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 유가증권의 불공정 거래행위를 포괄적으로 금지하는 구 증권거래법 제188조의4 제4항의 규정이 비상장·비등록 유가증권의 장외시장에서의 직접·대면거래에도 적용되는지 여부(적극) [2] 구 증권거래법 제188조의4 제4항 제2호 위반죄가 성립하기 위하여 ‘허위·부실 표시 문서 이용행위’와 ‘타인의 오해’ 사이에 인과관계가 있어야 하는지 여부(소극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Whether the provision of Article 188-4 (4) of the former Securities and Exchange Act, which comprehensively prohibits unfair trading practices in securities, applies also to direct, face-to-face transactions in the over-the-counter market for unlisted and unregistered securities (affirmative) [2] Whether causation must exist between the "act of using a document containing a false or insufficient statement" and "another person's misunderstanding" in order for the offense of violating Article 188-4 (4), subparagraph 2 of the former Securities and Exchange Act to be established (negative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 구 증권거래법(2004. 1. 29. 법률 제7114호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조의4 제4항은 같은 조 제1항 내지 제3항에 대한 일반규정으로서 ‘유가증권의 매매 기타 거래’와 관련하여 소정의 불공정행위를 포괄적으로 금지하고 있을 뿐, 같은 조 제1항 내지 제3항과 같이 거래객체를 ‘상장유가증권 또는 협회중개시장에 등록된 유가증권’으로 한정하거나 거래장소를 ‘유가증권시장 또는 협회중개시장’으로 제한하고 있지 않으므로, 위 조항은 상장유가증권 또는 협회중개시장에 등록된 유가증권은 물론 같은 법 제2조 제1항 각 호와 제2항이 정의한 유가증권에 포함되는 모든 유가증권의 매매 기타 거래에 적용되며, 유가증권시장 또는 협회중개시장에서의 거래는 물론 장외시장에서의 직접·대면거래에 대하여도 마찬가지로 적용된다고 봄이 상당하다. [2] 구 증권거래법(2004. 1. 29. 법률 제7114호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조의4 제4항 제2호는 원래 "중요한 사항에 관하여 허위의 표시를 하거나 필요한 사실의 표시가 누락된 문서를 이용하여 타인에게 오해를 유발하게 함으로써 금전 기타 재산상의 이익을 취득하는 것"이라는 결과범 형식으로 규정되어 있던 것을 1997. 1. 13. 개정(법률 제5254호)시 "중요한 사항에 관하여 허위의 표시를 하거나 필요한 사실의 표시가 누락된 문서를 이용하여 타인에게 오해를 유발하게 함으로써 금전 기타 재산상의 이익을 얻고자 하는 행위"라는 목적범 형식으로 바꾼 것인바, 그 문언의 해석상 일단 ‘타인에게 오해를 유발하게 함으로써 금전 기타 재산상의 이익을 얻기 위하여’ 중요한 사항에 관한 허위·부실 표시 문서를 이용한 이상 그로써 바로 위 조항 위반죄가 성립하는 것이고, 문서 이용행위로 인하여 실제 ‘타인에게 오해를 유발’하거나 ‘금전 기타 재산상의 이익을 얻을 것’을 요하지 않으므로, 허위·부실 표시 문서 이용행위와 타인의 오해 사이의 인과관계 여부는 위 죄의 성립에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않는다.

Order

상고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The appeal is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 구 증권거래법(2004. 1. 29. 법률 제7114호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조의4 제4항 [2] 구 증권거래법(2004. 1. 29. 법률 제7114호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조의4 제4항 제2호

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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