Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance
Standard for Determining Whether a Disclosure of an Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation Adding a Business Purpose Is False, and Calculation of Unjust Gains under Unfair Trading and of Profits from the Violation
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Nov. 14, 2003, 2003Do686 (judgment)
Case name: 증권거래법위반
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Does amending the articles of incorporation to add a business purpose by resolution of the general meeting of shareholders, and disclosing it, without the intent or ability to actually pursue the business, constitute the dissemination of false facts or a false representation under the former Securities and Exchange Act?
Holding
Falsity is determined by whether the disclosed content itself is false, and not by whether there was intent and ability to bring the disclosed content to fruition. The Supreme Court held that the amendment to the articles of incorporation had actually taken place and that its disclosure was a legal obligation, and therefore it could not be regarded as the dissemination of false facts or a false representation.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
허위사실을 유포하거나 허위의 표시를 하였는지 여부는 공시내용 자체가 허위인지 여부에 의하여 판단하여야 할 것이지 실제로 공시내용을 실현할 의사와 능력이 있었는지 여부에 의하여 판단할 것은 아니다.
Unofficial English translation
Whether false facts were disseminated or false indications were made must be determined by whether the content of the public disclosure is itself false, and not by whether there was an intention and ability actually to realize the content of the public disclosure.
Disposition
Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결 중 피고인 1에 대한 유죄 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed as to the guilty portion with respect to Defendant 1, and the case in this part is remanded to the collegiate panel of the Seoul District Court, main court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Read from the decision
공시내용 자체가 허위인지 여부에 의하여 판단하여야 할 것이지 실제로 공시내용을 실현할 의사와 능력이 있었는지 여부에 의하여 판단할 것은 아니다.
Unofficial English translation
Whether false facts were disseminated or false indications were made must be determined by whether the content of the public disclosure is itself false, and not by whether there was an intention and ability actually to realize the content of the public disclosure.
Factors
- 공시내용 자체가 허위인지 여부
- 실제로 공시내용을 실현할 의사와 능력이 있었는지 여부
- 그 행위자의 지위, 발행회사의 경영상태와 그 주가의 동향, 그 행위 전후의 제반 사정
- 양도소득세는 공제 대상인 거래비용에 포함되지 아니한다
- 직무와 관련하여 알게 된 당해 정보를 전달받은 자
Unofficial English translation
• Whether the content of the public disclosure is itself false
• Whether there was an intention and ability actually to realize the content of the public disclosure
• The position of the actor, the business condition of the issuing company and the trend of its stock price, and all other circumstances before and after the act
• Capital gains tax is not included in the transaction costs subject to deduction
• The person who received delivery of the relevant information learned in connection with the duties
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2001. 1. 19. 선고 2000도4444 판결(공2001상, 578)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2000Do4444 decided January 19, 2001 (Gong 2001 Sang, 578)
Decisions referred to
[3] 대법원 2001. 1. 19. 선고 2000도4444 판결(공2001상, 578), 대법원 2002. 7. 22. 선고 2002도1696 판결(공2002하, 2100), 대법원 2003. 1. 10. 선고 2002도6053 판결 / [4] 대법원 2002. 6. 14. 선고 2002도1256 판결(공2002하, 1741), 대법원 2002. 7. 26. 선고 2002도1855 판결(공2002하, 2159)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Where the disclosed content is itself true but a disclosure made without any intent to bring it to fruition is used to raise the market price, how is it determined whether the conduct may be punished as another type of unfair trading, such as the use of deception?
If a decision interpreting the unfair trading provisions of Article 178 of the current Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act examines the truthfulness of the disclosed content and the intent to bring it to fruition together, this reading will be checked again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
In comparison with an independent reading by another AI lineage (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 6 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on axis 4 (Form of the test) and axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”
Since the original text sets forth the falsity of the disclosed content itself as the standard, while requiring a comprehensive assessment of the circumstances for transaction-relatedness and unjust gains, the classification may differ depending on which Holdings each reading focused on.
그 행위자의 지위, 발행회사의 경영상태와 그 주가의 동향, 그 행위 전후의 제반 사정 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 객관적인 기준에 의하여 판단하여야 하고Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where the disclosed content is itself true but a disclosure made without any intent to bring it to fruition is used to raise the market price, how is it determined whether the conduct may be punished as another type of unfair trading, such as the use of deception?” vs Independent “In order to find that a future gain that has not yet been realized was sought, to what extent must the possibility of realizing that gain be concrete?”
The first reading asks whether conduct using a disclosure that is true falls under other types of unfair trading, while the independent reading asks what degree of concreteness is required for the possibility of realizing future gains.
허위사실을 유포하거나 허위의 표시를 하였는지 여부는 공시내용 자체가 허위인지 여부에 의하여 판단하여야 할 것이지 실제로 공시내용을 실현할 의사와 능력이 있었는지 여부에 의하여 판단할 것은 아니다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below found the dissemination of false facts or a false representation on the ground that, although Defendant 1 had neither the ability nor the intent to pursue information and communications-related business, he disclosed an amendment to the articles of incorporation adding a business purpose and had it reported in the press, and it also treated the submission of a false large-volume holding report as guilty, calculating the profit obtained from the violation at 2,980,062,010 won. As to the use of undisclosed information with which the prosecution charged him, the court below found that Defendant 1 was neither a contracting party nor a recipient of information.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that the amendment to the articles of incorporation had actually occurred and that the resolution changing the business purpose was an item subject to a disclosure obligation, so the disclosed content could not be regarded as false, and it found that the court below's holding on this part involved a misapprehension of legal principles. The Supreme Court accepted the court below's determinations of the material particulars in the large-volume holding report, of the unjust gains, of the calculation of the profit without deducting income transfer tax, and that Defendant 1 was not a recipient of information; however, because the guilty portions stood in the relationship of a single comprehensive offense, it reversed and remanded the entirety of the guilty portions as to Defendant 1, and dismissed the final appeals of Defendant 2 and the prosecution.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the disclosed content itself contains facts that differ from the truth, or where the disclosed resolution was not actually adopted
- Where, in addition to a disclosure that is true, separate false content—such as a business promotion plan or the scale of investment—was added and disseminated
- Where the defendant did not jointly produce the information as a contracting party but received information learned in the course of duties from an insider
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, one must first check whether false expressions were mixed into the disclosure or the press report that made it appear to go beyond the fact of the amendment to the articles of incorporation toward a plan to bring it to fruition, and whether the disclosure was an item legally required.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 구 증권거래법 제188조의4 제4항 소정의 허위사실을 유포하거나 허위의 표시를 하였는지 여부의 판단 기준 [2] 주주총회의 결의를 거쳐 회사의 사업목적을 추가하는 정관변경을 한 다음 그 사실을 공시하거나 기사화한 것이 허위사실을 유포하거나 허위의 표시를 한 것으로 볼 수는 없다고 한 사례 [3] 구 증권거래법 제188조의4 제4항의 규정 취지 및 그 판단 기준 [4] 구 증권거래법 제207조의2 단서 소정의 ‘위반행위로 얻은 이익’의 의미 및 이 경우 양도소득세가 공제 대상인 거래비용에 포함되는지 여부(소극) [5] 구 증권거래법 제188조의2 소정의 미공개정보 이용행위의 금지 대상이 되는 "당해 정보를 받은 자(소위 정보수령자)"의 의미
Unofficial English translation
[1] Criteria for determining whether false facts were disseminated or false indications were made under Article 188-4 (4) of the former Securities and Exchange Act [2] A case where it was held that amending the articles of incorporation to add to the company's business purposes after obtaining a resolution of the general shareholders' meeting, and then disclosing that fact or publishing it as a news article, cannot be regarded as disseminating false facts or making false indications [3] The purpose and criteria for determination of Article 188-4 (4) of the former Securities and Exchange Act [4] Meaning of "profits gained from the violating act" under the proviso to Article 207-2 of the former Securities and Exchange Act, and whether capital gains tax is included in the transaction costs subject to deduction in such a case (negative) [5] Meaning of "the person who received the relevant information (so-called information recipient)" who is subject to the prohibition on the use of unpublished information under Article 188-2 of the former Securities and Exchange Act
Summary of the holding
[1] 허위사실을 유포하거나 허위의 표시를 하였는지 여부는 공시내용 자체가 허위인지 여부에 의하여 판단하여야 할 것이지 실제로 공시내용을 실현할 의사와 능력이 있었는지 여부에 의하여 판단할 것은 아니다. [2] 주주총회의 결의를 거쳐 회사의 사업목적을 추가하는 정관변경을 한 다음 그 사실을 공시하거나 기사화한 것이 허위사실을 유포하거나 허위의 표시를 한 것으로 볼 수는 없다고 한 사례. [3] 구 증권거래법 제188조의4 제4항이 사기적 부정거래행위를 금지하는 것은 증권거래에 관한 사기적 부정거래가 다수인에게 영향을 미치고 증권시장 전체를 불건전하게 할 수 있기 때문에 증권거래에 참가하는 개개의 투자자의 이익을 보호함과 함께 투자자 일반의 증권시장에 대한 신뢰를 보호하여 증권시장이 국민경제의 발전에 기여할 수 있도록 함에 그 목적이 있다고 할 것이므로, 여기서 유가증권의 매매 등 거래와 관련한 행위인지 여부나 허위의 여부 및 부당한 이득 또는 경제적 이익의 취득 도모 여부 등은 그 행위자의 지위, 발행회사의 경영상태와 그 주가의 동향, 그 행위 전후의 제반 사정 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 객관적인 기준에 의하여 판단하여야 하고, 위와 같은 증권거래법의 목적과 위 규정의 입법취지 등에 비추어 위 법문 소정의 부당한 이득은 유가증권의 처분으로 인한 행위자의 개인적이고 유형적인 경제적 이익에 한정되지 않고, 기업의 경영권 획득, 지배권 확보, 회사 내에서의 지위상승 등 무형적 이익 및 적극적 이득뿐 아니라 손실을 회피하는 경우와 같은 소극적 이득, 아직 현실화되지 않는 장래의 이득도 모두 포함하는 포괄적인 개념으로 해석하는 것이 상당하다. [4] 구 증권거래법 제207조의2 단서 소정의 ‘위반행위로 얻은 이익’이라 함은 거기에 함께 규정되어 있는 ‘손실액’에 반대되는 개념으로서 당해 위반행위로 인하여 행위자가 얻은 이윤 즉 그 거래로 인한 총 수입에서 그 거래를 위한 총 비용을 공제한 차액을 말하고, 따라서 현실거래로 인한 시세조종행위로 얻은 이익은 그 시세조종행위와 관련된 유가증권 거래의 총 매도금액에서 총 매수금액 외에 그 거래를 위한 매수수수료, 매도수수료, 증권거래세(증권거래소의 경우 농어촌특별세를 포함한다) 등의 거래비용을 공제한 나머지 순매매이익을 의미하며, 이 경우 양도소득세는 공제 대상인 거래비용에 포함되지 아니한다. [5] 구 증권거래법 제188조의2 소정의 미공개정보 이용행위의 금지 대상이 되는 "당해 정보를 받은 자(소위 정보수령자)"란 같은 조 제1항 각호에 해당하는 자로부터 이들이 직무와 관련하여 알게 된 당해 정보를 전달받은 자를 말한다.
Order
원심판결 중 피고인 1에 대한 유죄 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다. 피고인 2 및 검사의 상고를 모두 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed as to the guilty portion with respect to Defendant 1, and the case in this part is remanded to the collegiate panel of the Seoul District Court, main court. All appeals by Defendant 2 and the prosecutor are dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 구 증권거래법(2001. 3. 28 법률 제6423호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조의4 제4항 [2] 구 증권거래법(2001. 3. 28 법률 제6423호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제186조 제1항 제4호, 제188조의4 제4항 [3] 구 증권거래법(2001. 3. 28 법률 제6423호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조의4 제4항 [4] 구 증권거래법(2001. 3. 28 법률 제6423호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제207조의2 [5] 구 증권거래법(2001. 3. 28 법률 제6423호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제188조의2 제1항
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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