Open Decision Ledger · Rehabilitation & bankruptcy
Meaning of an Act Falling Within a Company's Obligations, an Element of the Right of Avoidance, and Whether Providing Security for the Purpose of Extending Maturity Falls Thereunder
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, June 29, 2006, 2004Da32503 (judgment)
Case name: 정리담보권확정
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Does security provided by a company in reorganization within 60 days before the suspension of payments, in order to postpone settlement of bills that had fallen due, constitute an act falling within the company's obligations under Article 78(1) 3 of the former Company Reorganization Act?
Holding
For an act to fall within the company's obligations, a general and abstract obligation is not sufficient; it refers to a case in which the company bears a concrete obligation whose performance the creditor may demand. The Supreme Court held that, in substance, the provision of security for the extension of maturity of bills or for the avoidance of dishonor, as well as the provision of security under the general security clause of a loan transaction agreement, does not fall thereunder.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
여기에서 ‘회사의 의무에 속한다’ 함은 일반적·추상적 의무로는 부족하고 구체적 의무를 부담하여 채권자가 그 구체적 의무의 이행을 청구할 권리를 가지는 경우를 의미한다.
Unofficial English translation
Here, "belongs to the obligations of the company" means that a general and abstract obligation is not sufficient, and refers to a case where the company bears a specific obligation and the creditor has the right to demand performance of that specific obligation.
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The appeal is dismissed.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
구체적 의무를 부담하여 채권자가 그 구체적 의무의 이행을 청구할 권리를 가지는 경우를 의미한다.
Unofficial English translation
to mean a case where the company bears a specific obligation and the creditor has the right to demand performance of that specific obligation.
Factors
- 구체적 의무를 부담하여 채권자가 그 구체적 의무의 이행을 청구할 권리를 가지는 경우
- 만기가 도래한 어음의 만기연장을 받거나 또는 부도처분을 회피하기 위하여 담보를 제공하는 경우
- 채권자가 그 행위 당시 회사가 다른 정리채권자 등과의 평등을 해하게 되는 것을 알고 한 사실을 알지 못한 때
Unofficial English translation
• a case where the company bears a specific obligation and the creditor has the right to demand performance of that specific obligation
• a case where security is provided in order to obtain an extension of the maturity of a note that has already matured or to avoid dishonor proceedings
• when the creditor did not know the fact that the company did the act knowing that it would thereby impair equality with other reorganization creditors and others at the time of the act
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2000. 12. 8. 선고 2000다26067 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2000Da26067 decided December 8, 2000
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2000. 12. 8. 선고 2000다26067 판결(공2001상, 257)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Even where an agreement individually specifying the obligation to provide security had been concluded in advance but its timing or method is unclear, may it be regarded as a concrete obligation?
If a different Supreme Court holding should emerge concerning the interpretation of Article 100(1) 3 of the current Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act, this reading will be re-examined.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
8 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
When compared with an independent reading by another AI of a different series (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, all eight axes matched.
Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below found that the plaintiff was not a derivative acquirer of the collateral from non-party Company 2 but a recipient who had acquired it directly from non-party Company 3 before the reorganization, rejected the plaintiff's assertion that the provision of security fell within the obligations of non-party Company 3, and, finding that both the plaintiff and non-party Company 3 knew that they were prejudicing equality with the other reorganization creditors and the like, held that the act was subject to the exercise of the right of avoidance.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court accepted the holdings of the court below as proper in their entirety. Merely acquiring a claim on a bill does not give rise to an obligation to provide security; the issuance of new bills and the provision of security pursuant to a three-party consultation were, in substance, for the purpose of extending the maturity of the old bills or avoiding dishonor; and Article 6(3) of the Loan Transaction Agreement imposes only a general and abstract obligation to provide security, so that performance cannot be demanded. Accordingly, these are not acts falling within the company's obligations, and the final appeal was dismissed.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where an agreement to provide security, sufficiently specific for the creditor to demand its performance, had already been concluded before the provision of security
- Where the provision of security took place outside the period following, or within 60 days before, the suspension of payments and the like
- Where the fact that the creditor, at the time of the act, knew that the act would prejudice equality with the other reorganization creditors and the like was not known
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, first check in the Records whether the basis for the provision of security is nothing more than a general standard-form clause, or an obligation to provide security specifically agreed upon at the time the existing debt arose, and whether the recipient was a direct acquirer or a derivative acquirer.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 구 회사정리법 제78조 제1항 제3호에서 말하는 ‘회사의 의무에 속한다’의 의미 [2] 정리회사의 담보물 제공이 실질적으로 만기가 도래한 어음의 만기연장을 받거나 또는 부도처분을 회피하기 위하여 담보를 제공하는 경우와 다름이 없으므로, 구 회사정리법 제78조 제1항 제3호에 정한 ‘회사의 의무에 속하는 행위’라고 볼 수 없다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] The meaning of "belongs to the obligations of the company" as used in Article 78 (1), subparagraph 3 of the former Corporate Reorganization Act [2] A case where it was held that a reorganization company's provision of security cannot be regarded as an "act belonging to the obligations of the company" as provided in Article 78 (1), subparagraph 3 of the former Corporate Reorganization Act, because it is no different from a case where security is provided in order to obtain an extension of the maturity of a note that has already matured or to avoid dishonor proceedings
Summary of the holding
[1] 구 회사정리법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제78조 제1항 제3호는 "회사가 지급의 정지 등이 있은 후 또는 그 전 60일 내에 한 담보의 제공 또는 채무의 소멸에 관한 행위로서 회사의 의무에 속하지 아니하거나 그 방법 또는 시기가 회사의 의무에 속하지 아니하는 것은 채권자가 그 행위 당시 회사가 다른 정리채권자 등과의 평등을 해하게 되는 것을 알고 한 사실을 알지 못한 때나 지급의 정지 등이 있은 후의 경우에는 그 사실도 알지 못한 때를 제외하고는 부인권을 행사할 수 있다."는 취지로 규정하고 있는바, 여기에서 ‘회사의 의무에 속한다’ 함은 일반적·추상적 의무로는 부족하고 구체적 의무를 부담하여 채권자가 그 구체적 의무의 이행을 청구할 권리를 가지는 경우를 의미한다. [2] 정리회사의 담보물 제공이 실질적으로 만기가 도래한 어음의 만기연장을 받거나 또는 부도처분을 회피하기 위하여 담보를 제공하는 경우와 다름이 없으므로, 구 회사정리법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제78조 제1항 제3호에 정한 ‘회사의 의무에 속하는 행위’라고 볼 수 없다고 한 사례.
Order
상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.
Unofficial English translation
The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the final appeal shall be borne by the plaintiff.
Provisions referred to
[1] 구 회사정리법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제78조 제1항 제3호(현행 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제100조 제1항 제3호 참조) [2] 구 회사정리법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제78조 제1항 제3호(현행 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제100조 제1항 제3호 참조)
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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