Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime
Limits on the Aiding Liability of the Counterparty to a Breach-of-Trust Transaction, and a Separate Breach of Trust Arising from Providing a One-Person Company's Property as Additional Security
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Oct. 28, 2005, 2005Do4915 (judgment)
Case name: 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임){일부인정된죄명:특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임)방조)}
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
If a counterparty knew that the sole shareholder of a one-person company was providing company real property as security in connection with a personal transaction, and demanded and obtained a provisional registration, is the counterparty liable for aiding the offense of breach of trust?
Holding
Where the counterparty did not actively participate, such as by instigating the act of breach of trust or by being involved in the entire process, and thus acted with social appropriateness, even if the counterparty entered into the transaction knowing that it was a breach of trust, there is no unlawfulness sufficient to constitute a crime. The Supreme Court held that no liability as an accomplice by aiding may be imposed on a counterparty who merely demanded the establishment of a provisional registration and had it recorded while knowing the circumstances.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
관여의 정도가 거기에까지 이르지 아니하여 법질서 전체적인 관점에서 살펴볼 때 사회적 상당성을 갖춘 경우에 있어서는 비록 정범의 행위가 배임행위에 해당한다는 점을 알고 거래에 임하였다는 사정이 있어 외견상 방조행위로 평가될 수 있는 행위가 있었다 할지라도 범죄를 구성할 정도의 위법성은 없다고 봄이 상당하다.
Unofficial English translation
Where the degree of involvement has not reached that extent and, viewed from an overall perspective of the legal order, the case is socially appropriate, then, even if the other party knew that the principal's act constituted an act of breach of trust and, notwithstanding that circumstance, engaged in the transaction, and even if there was an act that could be evaluated on its face as an act of aiding, it is appropriate to hold that there is no unlawfulness of a degree sufficient to constitute a crime.
Disposition
Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결 중 피고인 2에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 부산고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below as to Defendant 2 is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Busan High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
배임적 거래행위의 상대방에게 배임행위의 공범의 죄책을 묻기 위한 요건
Unofficial English translation
Requirements for imposing liability as an accomplice to an act of breach of trust upon the counterparty to a transaction involving an act of breach of trust
Factors
- 배임행위를 교사하거나 그 배임행위의 전 과정에 관여하는 등으로 배임행위에 적극가담함으로써
- 그 실행행위자와의 계약이 반사회적 법률행위에 해당하여 무효로 되는 경우
- 법질서 전체적인 관점에서 살펴볼 때 사회적 상당성을 갖춘 경우
- 선순위 근저당권의 담보가치를 공제한 나머지 담보가치 상당의 재산상 이익을 침해하는 행위
Unofficial English translation
• by actively participating in the act of breach of trust, such as instigating the act of breach of trust or being involved in the entire process of that act of breach of trust,
• where the contract with the person who committed the act is a juristic act contrary to good morals and is therefore void,
• where, viewed from an overall perspective of the legal order, the case is socially appropriate,
• an act infringing upon a pecuniary benefit equivalent to the value of the remaining security after deducting the secured value of the prior-ranking maximum amount mortgage
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 1975. 6. 10. 선고 74도2455 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 74Do2455 decided June 10, 1975
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 1989. 10. 13. 선고 89도1012 판결(공1989, 1719), 대법원 2000. 5. 26. 선고 99도2781 판결(공2000하, 1575) / [3] 대법원 1975. 6. 10. 선고 74도2455 판결
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
To what extent must a counterparty's active demands as to the terms of a transaction go before it is evaluated as active participation involving the entire process of the act of breach of trust?
If the Supreme Court states a different standard as to the scope in which the counterparty to a reciprocal transaction becomes an accomplice to a breach of trust, or if Article 355, paragraph (2) of the Criminal Act is amended, this reading will be re-examined.
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Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below held that the act of Defendant 1, the sole shareholder, and others in recording a provisional registration on real property that was the company's only property, in connection with a personal share purchase and sale agreement, constituted the offense of breach of trust notwithstanding the resolution of the shareholders' meeting. As to Defendant 2, the court below held that, although there was no evidence of active participation and Defendant 2 was therefore not a joint principal offender, Defendant 2 facilitated the act of breach of trust by having the provisional registration recorded while knowing the circumstances, and thus fell within an accomplice by aiding.
Supreme Court standard: As to the part concerning Defendant 1, the Supreme Court affirmed the court below's holdings that the act of breach of trust was not justified by a resolution of the board of directors or of the shareholders' meeting, and that a provisional registration made after the establishment of a maximum amount mortgage in the name of the State constituted a separate offense of breach of trust infringing the residual collateral value, and dismissed the final appeal. As to the part concerning Defendant 2, on the other hand, the Supreme Court reversed and remanded on the ground of misapprehension of the legal principles governing accomplice liability by aiding a breach of trust, holding that where the counterparty merely demanded the establishment of a provisional registration and had it recorded while knowing the circumstances, not even liability as an accomplice by aiding may be imposed.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the counterparty instigated the act of breach of trust or was involved in its entire process, so that the contract with the principal offender becomes void as a juristic act contrary to good morals
- Where, in a type of offense of breach of trust that does not require a reciprocal act by the counterparty, a third party assists the principal offender's act
- Where a pre-existing security interest has already entirely consumed the collateral value of the object, leaving no residual collateral value to be infringed by the creation of a new security interest
Record verification notes
Before asserting the counterparty's innocence, it is first necessary to check from the Records whether the counterparty merely knew the circumstances and demanded security, or whether the counterparty was involved in the planning or the execution of the act of breach of trust as a whole and thereby exceeded the bounds of social appropriateness.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 주식회사의 대표이사가 임무에 위배하여 주주 또는 회사 채권자에게 손해가 될 행위를 한 경우, 그 행위에 대하여 이사회 또는 주주총회의 결의가 있었다는 이유만으로 배임죄의 죄책을 면할 수 있는지 여부(소극) [2] 1인 회사의 주주가 자신의 개인채무를 담보하기 위하여 회사 소유의 부동산에 대하여 근저당권설정등기를 마쳐 주어 배임죄가 성립한 이후에 그 부동산에 대하여 새로운 담보권을 설정해 주는 행위가 별도의 배임죄를 구성하는지 여부(적극) [3] 배임적 거래행위의 상대방에게 배임행위의 공범의 죄책을 묻기 위한 요건 [4] 1인 회사의 주주가 개인적 거래에 수반하여 법인 소유의 부동산을 담보로 제공한다는 사정을 거래상대방이 알면서 가등기의 설정을 요구하고 그 가등기를 경료받은 사안에서, 그 거래상대방이 배임행위의 방조범에 해당한다고 한 원심판결을 파기한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether, where a representative director of a stock company, in breach of his/her duty, engages in an act that would cause loss to the shareholders or creditors of the company, he/she can be exempted from criminal liability for the offense of breach of trust on the sole ground that there was a resolution of the board of directors or the general meeting of shareholders with respect to the act (negative) [2] Whether, after an offense of breach of trust has been established through a shareholder of a one-person company having completed the registration of establishment of a maximum amount mortgage over real estate owned by the company to secure his/her personal debts, the act of providing a new security interest over that real estate constitutes a separate offense of breach of trust (affirmative) [3] Requirements for imposing liability as an accomplice to an act of breach of trust upon the counterparty to a transaction involving an act of breach of trust [4] A case where the judgment of the court below, which held that the counterparty to the transaction was an aider of the act of breach of trust, was reversed, in a case where the counterparty, knowing the circumstance that real estate owned by a corporation was being provided as security in connection with a personal transaction of the shareholder of a one-person company, demanded the establishment of a provisional registration and had that provisional registration recorded
Summary of the holding
[1] 회사의 대표이사는 이사회 또는 주주총회의 결의가 있더라도 그 결의내용이 회사 채권자를 해하는 불법한 목적이 있는 경우에는 이에 맹종할 것이 아니라 회사를 위하여 성실한 직무수행을 할 의무가 있으므로 대표이사가 임무에 배임하는 행위를 함으로써 주주 또는 회사 채권자에게 손해가 될 행위를 하였다면 그 회사의 이사회 또는 주주총회의 결의가 있었다고 하여 그 배임행위가 정당화될 수는 없다. [2] 배임죄는 재산상 이익을 객체로 하는 범죄이므로, 1인 회사의 주주가 자신의 개인채무를 담보하기 위하여 회사 소유의 부동산에 대하여 근저당권설정등기를 마쳐 주어 배임죄가 성립한 이후에 그 부동산에 대하여 새로운 담보권을 설정해 주는 행위는 선순위 근저당권의 담보가치를 공제한 나머지 담보가치 상당의 재산상 이익을 침해하는 행위로서 별도의 배임죄가 성립한다. [3] 거래상대방의 대향적 행위의 존재를 필요로 하는 유형의 배임죄에 있어서 거래상대방으로서는 기본적으로 배임행위의 실행행위자와는 별개의 이해관계를 가지고 반대편에서 독자적으로 거래에 임한다는 점을 감안할 때, 거래상대방이 배임행위를 교사하거나 그 배임행위의 전 과정에 관여하는 등으로 배임행위에 적극가담함으로써 그 실행행위자와의 계약이 반사회적 법률행위에 해당하여 무효로 되는 경우 배임죄의 교사범 또는 공동정범이 될 수 있음은 별론으로 하고, 관여의 정도가 거기에까지 이르지 아니하여 법질서 전체적인 관점에서 살펴볼 때 사회적 상당성을 갖춘 경우에 있어서는 비록 정범의 행위가 배임행위에 해당한다는 점을 알고 거래에 임하였다는 사정이 있어 외견상 방조행위로 평가될 수 있는 행위가 있었다 할지라도 범죄를 구성할 정도의 위법성은 없다고 봄이 상당하다. [4] 1인 회사의 주주가 개인적 거래에 수반하여 법인 소유의 부동산을 담보로 제공한다는 사정을 거래상대방이 알면서 가등기의 설정을 요구하고 그 가등기를 경료받은 사안에서, 거래상대방이 배임행위의 방조범에 해당한다고 한 원심판결을 파기한 사례.
Order
원심판결 중 피고인 2에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 부산고등법원에 환송한다. 피고인 1의 상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below as to Defendant 2 is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Busan High Court. Defendant 1's appeal is dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 형법 제355조 제2항 [2] 형법 제355조 제2항 [3] 형법 제32조, 제355조 제2항 [4] 형법 제32조, 제355조 제2항
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