Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime
Methods for Valuing the Market Price of Unlisted Shares and Whether Low-Price Sales of Affiliate Shares and Treasury Shares Constitute Breach of Trust in the Course of Business
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, May 15, 2008, 2005Do7911 (judgment)
Case name: 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임)(예비적죄명:업무상배임)·업무상배임·증권거래법위반·주식회사의외부감사에관한법률위반
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
How is the market price of unlisted shares to be valued where there has been no ordinary transaction in them, and does a conglomerate affiliate commit breach of trust by selling shares of its unlisted subsidiary at 1 won per share, or by selling treasury shares to the representative director, who is the controlling shareholder?
Holding
For unlisted shares, where an instance of a normal transaction exists, that price is regarded as the market price, and where none exists, universally applicable valuation methods must be considered while making a reasonable determination by comprehensively taking into account the circumstances of the corporation and the parties at the time of the transaction, the characteristics of the industry, and the like. The Supreme Court found that both the act of selling shares of a golf course business subsidiary at 1 won per share while retaining the debt guarantee, and the act of selling treasury shares to the representative director on terms unilaterally favorable to him without any procedure, satisfied the intent and damage elements of breach of trust.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
그러한 거래사례가 없는 경우에는 보편적으로 인정되는 여러 가지 평가 방법들을 고려하되 거래 당시 당해 비상장법인 및 거래당사자의 상황, 당해 업종의 특성 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 합리적으로 판단하여야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
Where there is no such transaction precedent, the various evaluation methods generally recognized must be taken into account, and a reasonable determination must be made by comprehensively considering the circumstances of the relevant unlisted corporation and the parties to the transaction at the time of the transaction, the characteristics of the relevant industry, and the like.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원으로 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Existing test applied Read from the decision
갑회사에 주식의 적정한 거래가격과 매도가격의 차액 상당에 해당하는 손해를 가한 배임행위에 해당한다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
a case holding that this constituted an act of breach of trust that caused loss to Company A in an amount corresponding to the difference between the fair transaction price of the shares and the selling price
Factors
- 객관적 교환가치가 적정하게 반영된 정상적인 거래의 실례
- 거래 당시 당해 비상장법인 및 거래당사자의 상황, 당해 업종의 특성
- 회원권이 분양되기 전에는 수입을 기대할 수 없는 골프장 사업의 특성
- 회사의 지배구조에 상당한 영향을 미칠 수 있는 정도의 자사주 매각거래
- 적절한 매각 상대방을 선정하고 매각조건 등을 결정하는 절차를 거치는 등의 노력을 하지 않은 채
Unofficial English translation
• Actual examples of normal transactions in which the objective exchange value is appropriately reflected
• The circumstances of the relevant unlisted corporation and the parties to the transaction at the time of the transaction, and the characteristics of the relevant industry
• The characteristic of the golf course business under which no income can be expected before membership rights are sold
• A sale of treasury stock of a degree that may substantially affect the company's governance structure
• Without making efforts such as selecting an appropriate buyer and undergoing the procedure of determining the terms of sale
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2005. 4. 29. 선고 2005도856 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2005Do856 decided April 29, 2005
Decisions referred to
대법원 2005. 4. 29. 선고 2005도856 판결(공2005상, 902)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
In calculating the amount of damages arising from the sale of treasury shares, to what extent should a management control premium or markup be reflected in the exchange closing price in order to determine an appropriate transaction price?
If subsequent precedents or Commercial Act provisions concerning the valuation method for unlisted shares or the procedure for a director's disposition of treasury shares change, this reading is re-examined.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
When compared with the independent reading by another affiliated AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “In calculating the amount of damages arising from the sale of treasury shares, to what extent should a management control premium or markup be reflected in the exchange closing price in order to determine an appropriate transaction price?” vs Independent “When various valuation methods yield different amounts for unlisted shares for which there is no instance of a normal transaction, how should the weight of each method be determined?”
The first reading asks about the degree to which a management control premium should be reflected in calculating the damages from the sale of treasury shares, whereas the independent reading asks about determining the weight among the valuation methods for unlisted shares.
그러한 거래사례가 없는 경우에는 보편적으로 인정되는 여러 가지 평가 방법들을 고려하되 거래 당시 당해 비상장법인 및 거래당사자의 상황, 당해 업종의 특성 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 합리적으로 판단하여야 한다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below upheld the guilty finding of the first-instance court as to the portion concerning the sale of unlisted company shares at 1 won per share, but as to the portion concerning the sale of treasury shares it found that the exchange closing price of 2,270 won on the day before the date of sale was the appropriate price reflecting objective exchange value, that Defendant 1 had already secured management control so there was no room to reflect a management control premium, and that the sale was for management objectives such as reducing the debt ratio and performing the financial structure improvement agreement, and thus denied both damage and the intent to commit breach of trust and entered a not guilty judgment.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court did not grant the defendants' final appeals as to the portion concerning the low-price sale of shares. As to the portion concerning the sale of treasury shares, the court found that the court below had confused the debt ratio target under the financial structure improvement agreement as being based on the affiliated group as a whole rather than on the individual company, and that, in light of circumstances including that the terms of the sale were unilaterally favorable to Defendant 1 and that there was no fair procedure, the sale could not readily be regarded as having been based on a business judgment, and reversed the judgment of the court below on the ground that the court below's findings of fact contradicted objective evidence or contravened logic and the rules of experience.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where there is an instance of a normal transaction in which objective exchange value has been appropriately reflected, so that the transaction price may be regarded as the market price
- A transaction in which a fair procedure was followed in selecting the counterparty to the sale and in determining the terms of the sale, and in which substantive business benefits to the company are confirmed
- A case in which the selling company has simultaneously extinguished credit risk such as guarantees for its subsidiary, so that the relinquishment of intrinsic value and the assumption of risk are not combined
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, one checks whether there are internal review materials or objective financial grounds showing that the transaction was in fact necessary for achieving the company's management objectives, and whether post-transaction circumstances such as payment of the purchase price and dividends were unilaterally favorable to the purchaser.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 비상장주식의 시가 또는 실제 가치의 평가 방법 [2] 재벌그룹 소속 갑회사가 골프장 건설 사업을 진행 중인 비상장회사 을의 주식 전부를 보유하고 을회사를 위하여 수백억 원의 채무보증을 한 상태에서 갑회사의 대표이사와 이사들이 을회사의 주식 전부를 주당 1원으로 계산하여 위 대표이사 등에게 매도한 사안에서, 이는 주식의 적정한 객관적 교환가치보다 현저하게 낮은 가격으로 매도함으로써 갑회사에 손해를 가한 배임행위에 해당한다고 한 사례 [3] 재벌그룹 소속의 상장법인인 회사의 이사들이 대표이사이자 대주주인 병에게 자사주를 매각한 사안에서, 위 자사주 매각행위는 회사를 위한다는 경영상의 판단에 기초한 것이 아닌 병의 개인적 이익을 위한 것으로서 배임죄의 고의와 본인인 회사의 재산 상태에 손해를 가하는 결과가 발생하였다는 점을 모두 인정한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] The method of evaluating the market price or actual value of unlisted shares [2] In a case where Company A, a member of a conglomerate group, held all of the shares of Company B, an unlisted company proceeding with a golf course construction project, and provided debt guarantees amounting to several tens of billions of won for Company B, and where the representative director and directors of Company A sold all of the shares of Company B to the said representative director and others by calculating them at 1 won per share, a case holding that this constituted an act of breach of trust that caused loss to Company A by selling at a price markedly lower than the fair objective exchange value of the shares [3] In a case where the directors of a company that was a listed company belonging to a conglomerate group sold treasury stock to C, who was both the representative director and the major shareholder, a case finding both that the above act of selling treasury stock was not based on a managerial judgment made for the company but was for C's personal benefit, and that the intent for the offense of breach of trust and the occurrence of the result of causing loss to the property state of the company, the principal, were all established
Summary of the holding
[1] 비상장주식을 거래한 경우 그 시가는 객관적 교환가치가 적정하게 반영된 정상적인 거래의 실례가 있는 경우에는 그 거래가격을 시가로 보아 주식의 가액을 평가하여야 하나, 그러한 거래사례가 없는 경우에는 보편적으로 인정되는 여러 가지 평가 방법들을 고려하되 거래 당시 당해 비상장법인 및 거래당사자의 상황, 당해 업종의 특성 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 합리적으로 판단하여야 한다. [2] 재벌그룹 소속 갑회사가 골프장 건설 사업을 진행 중인 비상장회사 을의 주식 전부를 보유하고 을회사를 위하여 수백억 원의 채무보증을 한 상태에서 갑회사의 대표이사와 이사들이 을회사의 주식 전부를 주당 1원으로 계산하여 그룹 회장인 위 대표이사와 그룹 계열사에 매도한 사안에서, 당시 을회사의 채무 상태는 부채가 자산을 근소하게 초과하고 있었다 하더라도 회원권이 분양되기 전에는 수입을 기대할 수 없는 골프장 사업의 특성상 이는 당연한 것이고 향후 골프장 사업계획을 실행하여 수익을 내고 기업의 가치도 상승할 가능성이 충분하므로, 위 주식 매도행위는 갑회사에 주식의 내재된 가치를 포기하면서 신용위험만을 부담시키는 것으로서 갑회사에 주식의 적정한 거래가격과 매도가격의 차액 상당에 해당하는 손해를 가한 배임행위에 해당한다고 한 사례. [3] 재벌그룹 소속의 상장법인인 회사의 이사들이 대표이사이자 대주주인 병에게 자사주를 매각한 사안에서, 병이 사실상 지배·보유하고 있는 의결권 있는 보통 주식의 일정 부분이 의결권이 제한된 상태에서 회사의 지배구조에 상당한 영향을 미칠 수 있는 정도의 자사주 매각거래를 하면서, 적절한 매각 상대방을 선정하고 매각조건 등을 결정하는 절차를 거치는 등의 노력을 하지 않은 채 회사에는 별다른 이익이 없는 반면 병에게 일방적으로 유리한 매각조건으로 자사주 매각을 단행한 점 및 매수인인 병의 이익과 편의를 가져온 거래의 제반 상황에 비추어, 위 자사주 매각행위는 회사를 위한다는 경영상의 판단에 기초한 것이 아닌 병의 개인적 이익을 위한 것으로서 배임죄의 고의와 본인인 회사의 재산 상태에 손해를 가하는 결과가 발생하였다는 점을 모두 인정한 사례.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원으로 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Provisions referred to
[1] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조 [2] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조 [3] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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