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Open Decision Ledger · Rehabilitation & bankruptcy

Scope of Suspension of Payment as the Timing Criterion for the Right of Avoidance Where a Composition Is Cancelled and a Declaration of Bankruptcy Is Issued After the Composition Approval Becomes Final and Binding

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Aug. 24, 2007, 2006Da80636 (judgment)

Case name: 부인

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where a composition approval order has become final and binding and the composition is thereafter cancelled due to new circumstances and a declaration of bankruptcy is issued, may the state of suspension of payment that formed the ground for the earlier application for commencement of composition be regarded as a suspension of payment under Article 64, subparagraph 5 of the former Bankruptcy Act?

  2. Holding

    Once a composition approval order becomes final and binding, the state of suspension of payment at the time of the application for commencement of composition, or a state of crisis equivalent thereto, may be regarded as having been resolved. Accordingly, in such a case, the suspension of payment is limited to the state of suspension of payment within the scope that has adequate causation with the declaration of bankruptcy, and the preceding state of suspension of payment cannot be regarded as a suspension of payment without limitation.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    구 파산법 제64조 제5호에서 정하고 있는 ‘지급정지’는 그 파산선고 내지 파산절차와 직결되는, 즉 상당인과관계가 있는 범위 내의 지급정지상태 또는 그에 준하는 위기상태로 한정하여 해석함이 상당하고

    Unofficial English translation

    The 'suspension of payment' provided in subparagraph 5 of Article 64 of the former Bankruptcy Act should reasonably be interpreted as limited to a state of suspension of payment or a state of crisis equivalent thereto within the scope that is directly connected with, that is, bears adequate causation to, the declaration of bankruptcy or the bankruptcy proceedings, and
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The appeal is dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    상당인과관계가 있는 범위 내의 지급정지상태 또는 그에 준하는 위기상태로 한정하여 해석함이 상당하고

    Unofficial English translation

    should reasonably be interpreted as limited to a state of suspension of payment or a state of crisis equivalent thereto within the scope that bears adequate causation, and
  5. Factors

    • 자력의 결핍으로 인하여 일반적, 계속적으로 변제할 수 없다는 것을 명시적, 묵시적으로 외부에 표시하는 것
    • 변제의 유예를 받거나 또는 변제하기에 족한 융통을 받을 신용도 없는 것
    • 화의인가결정이 확정됨에 따라 해소되었다고 볼 수 있다
    • 선행 화의절차의 종료 여부나 그 진행 기간 내지 경과 등

    Unofficial English translation

    • Expressing explicitly or implicitly to the outside that one cannot generally and continuously perform one's obligations owing to a lack of one's own means

    • Having no credit to obtain a postponement of performance or to obtain sufficient financing to perform

    • It may be regarded as having been resolved by the finality of the order approving the composition

    • Whether the preceding composition proceedings have been terminated, or the duration or lapse of the progress thereof, and the like

  6. Relation to precedent

    States a new standard Read from the decision

    화의인가결정의 확정 후에 새로운 사정이 발생하여 화의가 취소되고 파산선고가 내려진 경우

    Unofficial English translation

    Where, after an order approving a composition has become final and conclusive, new circumstances arise, the composition is revoked, and a declaration of bankruptcy is rendered

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2001. 6. 29. 선고 2000다63554 판결(공2001하, 1727) / [2] 대법원 1999. 3. 26. 선고 98다59644 판결(공1999상, 778), 대법원 2004. 4. 16. 선고 2003다16641 판결(공2004상, 798)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Even where the composition is cancelled after a short period for performance or where performance has been barely made following the finality of the composition approval, is adequate causation between the preceding state of suspension of payment and the declaration of bankruptcy denied?

    This reading will be re-examined when the Supreme Court renders a decision on the interpretation of "suspension of payment" in Article 391, subparagraph 4 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act, or on cases involving conversion to bankruptcy after approval of a rehabilitation plan.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

Compared with an independent reading by a different AI family (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on axis 6 (Relation to precedent).

Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Follows earlier decisions”

Because the original text expressly states the limitation based on adequate causation but does not clarify its relationship to preceding cases, the first reading may place weight on the statement of a standard, while the independent reading may place weight on the application of the existing legal principle.

대법원 2001. 6. 29. 선고 2000다63554 판결(공2001하, 1727)

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below held that the state of crisis at the time of Jinro General Distribution's application for commencement of composition was prima facie resolved by the finality of the composition approval order, and that since the composition debts had been repaid in part over approximately five years thereafter, the preceding state of crisis was not directly connected to the declaration of bankruptcy. Accordingly, it regarded not the application for commencement of composition but the composition cancellation order pursuant to Article 68, paragraph (2) of the Composition Act as the suspension of payment.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court set out the legal principle that, where a composition is cancelled due to new circumstances after the composition approval has become final and binding and a declaration of bankruptcy is issued, the suspension of payment is limited to the scope that has adequate causation with the declaration of bankruptcy, and dismissed the plaintiff's final appeal, holding that the court below's findings of fact and determination were proper.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where a declaration of bankruptcy is issued upon discontinuance or non-approval of the composition without the composition approval order having become final and binding, so that the preceding state of crisis cannot be regarded as having been resolved
  • Where performance was not substantially made after the composition approval, so that there are circumstances indicating that the preceding state of suspension of payment continued unchanged up to the declaration of bankruptcy
  • Where the act in question is not a gratuitous act, so that the timing requirements of a type of avoidance other than Article 64, subparagraph 5 of the former Bankruptcy Act are at issue

Record verification notes

Before asserting avoidance on the basis of the preceding suspension of payment, one must first check the period over which performance continued and the lapse of time after the composition approval became final and binding, and whether the circumstances leading to the cancellation of the composition constitute a new crisis or a continuation of the earlier crisis.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 구 파산법 제64조 제5호에 정한 ‘지급정지’의 의미 [2] 구 화의법상 화의인가결정이 확정되면 화의채무자의 화의개시신청 당시의 지급정지상태 또는 그에 준하는 위기상태가 해소되었다고 볼 수 있는지 여부(적극) [3] 화의인가결정의 확정 후에 새로운 사정이 발생하여 화의가 취소되고 파산선고가 내려진 경우, 화의개시의 원인이 된 선행 지급정지상태 또는 그에 준하는 위기상태를 구 파산법 제64조 제5호에 정한 ‘지급정지’로 볼 수 있는지 여부(원칙적 소극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] The meaning of 'suspension of payment' provided in subparagraph 5 of Article 64 of the former Bankruptcy Act [2] Whether, upon the finality of an order approving a composition under the former Composition Act, the state of suspension of payment or a state of crisis equivalent thereto of the composition debtor as of the time of the application for commencement of composition may be regarded as having been resolved (affirmative) [3] Where, after an order approving a composition has become final and conclusive, new circumstances arise, the composition is revoked, and a declaration of bankruptcy is rendered, whether the antecedent state of suspension of payment or state of crisis equivalent thereto that gave rise to the cause for the commencement of the composition may be regarded as 'suspension of payment' as provided in subparagraph 5 of Article 64 of the former Bankruptcy Act (negative in principle)

Summary of the holding

[1] 구 파산법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제64조 제5호에서 정하고 있는 부인권 행사의 대상이 되는 무상행위의 시기적 요건을 판단하는 기준이 되는 ‘지급정지’라 함은 채무자가 변제기에 있는 채무를 자력의 결핍으로 인하여 일반적, 계속적으로 변제할 수 없다는 것을 명시적, 묵시적으로 외부에 표시하는 것을 말하고, 여기서 자력의 결핍이란 단순한 채무초과 상태를 의미하는 것이 아니라 채무자에게 채무를 변제할 수 있는 자산이 없고 변제의 유예를 받거나 또는 변제하기에 족한 융통을 받을 신용도 없는 것을 말한다. [2] 구 화의법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지)상 화의인가결정이 확정되면 일단 화의절차는 종료되고 모든 화의채권에 관하여 개개의 화의채권자와 화의채무자 및 화의참가인 사이에 화의조건을 내용으로 하는 계약이 체결된 것과 동일한 법률효과가 발생하여 모든 화의채권은 화의조건에서 정한 바에 따라 일반적, 추상적으로 변경되므로, 화의채무자의 화의개시신청 당시의 지급정지상태 또는 그에 준하는 위기상태는 일단 화의인가결정이 확정됨에 따라 해소되었다고 볼 수 있다. [3] 구 파산법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제64조 제5호 및 구 화의법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제9조 제1항, 제10조 제1항의 각 규정의 취지와 그 내용 등에 비추어 보면, 화의절차에 의하여 화의인가결정이 확정된 후에 그 화의조건에 따른 변제 등이 이루어지던 중 새로운 사정이나 위기 상황의 발생으로 인하여 그 화의가 취소되고 파산선고가 내려진 경우에는, 구 파산법 제64조 제5호에서 정하고 있는 ‘지급정지’는 그 파산선고 내지 파산절차와 직결되는, 즉 상당인과관계가 있는 범위 내의 지급정지상태 또는 그에 준하는 위기상태로 한정하여 해석함이 상당하고, 이와 달리 선행 화의절차의 종료 여부나 그 진행 기간 내지 경과 등을 고려하지 않은 채 아무런 제한 없이 종전의 화의개시의 원인이 된 선행 지급정지상태 또는 그에 준하는 위기상태를 구 파산법 제64조 제5호에서 정하고 있는 ‘지급정지’로 보는 것은 부인권 행사의 대상을 지나치게 확대하여 채권자의 지위를 불안정하게 하고 거래의 안전을 해할 수도 있어 그대로 받아들일 수는 없다.

Order

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.

Unofficial English translation

The appeal is dismissed. The plaintiff shall bear the costs of the final appeal.

Provisions referred to

[1] 구 파산법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제64조 제5호(현행 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제391조 제4호 참조) [2] 구 화의법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제61조(현행 삭제), 구 파산법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제298조(현행 삭제) [3] 구 파산법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제64조 제5호(현행 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제391조 제4호 참조), 제298조(현행 삭제), 구 화의법(2005. 3. 31. 법률 제7428호 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제9조 제1항, 제10조 제1항, 제61조(현행 삭제), 제68조 제2항(현행 삭제)

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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