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Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance

Whether repeated large-volume phantom orders and cancellations in the Treasury bond futures market constitute market manipulation, and the criteria for determining the purpose of inducing transactions and the possibility of price fluctuation

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Dec. 11, 2008, 2006Do2718 (judgment)

Case name: 선물거래법위반

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Does the conduct of an investment company possessing market dominance and informational and financial power that repeatedly placed and cancelled large-volume phantom orders within the publicly disclosed five-level quote range constitute market manipulation under Article 31 (1) of the Futures Trading Act?

  2. Holding

    The purpose of inducing may coexist with other purposes, and no actual misunderstanding or occurrence of loss is required; a market manipulation transaction suffices if there is merely a possibility of artificially altering market prices. The Supreme Court, regarding the defendants' repeated large-volume phantom orders and cancellations as conduct with a high possibility of altering market prices, dismissed the final appeal.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    본래 정상적인 수요·공급에 따라 자유경쟁시장에서 형성될 시세 및 거래량을 시장요인에 의하지 아니한 다른 요인으로 인위적으로 변동시킬 가능성이 있는 거래를 말한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    refers to a trading that has the possibility of artificially fluctuating the market price and trading volume that would otherwise be formed in a free competition market under normal supply and demand, by factors other than market factors.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 모두 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    All appeals are dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    인위적인 조작을 가하여 시세를 변동시키면서 투자자에게는 그 시세가 선물거래시장에서의 자연적인 수요·공급의 원칙에 의하여 형성된 것으로 오인시켜 선물 매매거래에 끌어들이려는 목적을 말한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    refers to the purpose of inducing investors into futures trading transactions while artificially manipulating and fluctuating the market price, thereby causing them to mistakenly believe that such market price was formed in the futures trading market under the natural principle of supply and demand.
  5. Factors

    • 해당 선물의 성격과 현물과의 관계
    • 거래의 동기와 태양
    • 선물 및 현물의 가격 및 거래량의 동향
    • 전후의 거래상황
    • 거래의 경제적 합리성 및 공정성

    Unofficial English translation

    • the nature of the relevant futures and its relationship with the underlying commodity

    • the motive and manner of the trading

    • the trends in the prices and trading volumes of the futures and the underlying commodity

    • the trading circumstances before and after

    • the economic rationality and fairness of the trading

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2002. 6. 14. 선고 2002도1256 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2002Do1256 decided June 14, 2002

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2001. 6. 26. 선고 99도2282 판결(공2001하, 1781), 대법원 2002. 6. 14. 선고 2002도1256 판결(공2002하, 1741), 대법원 2003. 12. 12. 선고 2001도606 판결(공2004상, 192), 대법원 2006. 5. 11. 선고 2003도4320 판결(공2006상, 1079)

  7. Burden of proof

    The prosecution Read from the decision

    시세를 변동시킬 가능성에 대한 입증만 있으면 충분하므로 어느 정도의 가격변동이 실제로 발생하였는지를 개개의 거래마다 엄밀하게 증명할 필요는 없다.

    Unofficial English translation

    proof only as to the possibility of fluctuating the market price is sufficient, and there is no need to strictly prove, with respect to each individual transaction, to what extent a price change actually occurred.
  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Where an ordinary investor lacking market dominance or informational and financial power has repeatedly placed and cancelled orders frequently, what is the standard for recognizing market manipulation by treating those orders as phantom orders placed without any intention of execution?

    If Article 31 (1) and Article 95-14 of the Futures Trading Act are amended, or are moved to another statute so that the constituent elements of market manipulation change, this reading will be re-examined.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

5 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

Compared with an independent reading by another AI model (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the initial reading, 5 of the 8 axes matched, while the readings diverged on axis 4 (Form of the test), axis 7 (Burden of proof), and axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”

Because the original text explains the requirements for the purpose of inducing and for the possibility of price fluctuation while also expressly referring to the totality of circumstances in weighing circumstantial evidence, weight can be placed on Elements stated and on Circumstances weighed, respectively.

해당 선물의 성격과 현물과의 관계, 거래의 동기와 태양, 선물 및 현물의 가격 및 거래량의 동향, 전후의 거래상황, 거래의 경제적 합리성 및 공정성 등의 간접사실을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단할 수 있다.

Axis 7 (Burden of proof): Primary “The prosecution” vs Independent “Not addressed”

Because the original text explains the degree of proof required for the establishment of a crime, the prosecution's burden can be read out of it; however, since it does not expressly identify who bears the burden of proof, it may also be classified as Not addressed.

시세를 변동시킬 가능성에 대한 입증만 있으면 충분하므로 어느 정도의 가격변동이 실제로 발생하였는지를 개개의 거래마다 엄밀하게 증명할 필요는 없다.

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where an ordinary investor lacking market dominance or informational and financial power has repeatedly placed and cancelled orders frequently, what is the standard for recognizing market manipulation by treating those orders as phantom orders placed without any intention of execution?” vs Independent “In aggravated punishment based on the profit or the loss avoided, how must causation between the market manipulation and the profit, and the amount of profit, be proved?”

The initial reading asks about the criteria for assessing phantom orders placed by ordinary investors without market dominance, while the independent reading asks about the causation of the profit and the proof of its amount required for aggravated punishment.

본래 정상적인 수요·공급에 따라 자유경쟁시장에서 형성될 시세 및 거래량을 시장요인에 의하지 아니한 다른 요인으로 인위적으로 변동시킬 가능성이 있는 거래를 말한다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: Only the prosecution appealed the first-instance judgment on the ground of improper sentencing; the court below found that the defendants had repeatedly placed phantom orders of 200 to 1,000 contracts at the third to sixth best quotes, where the likelihood of execution was small, then cancelled and corrected them, and immediately cancelled their orders at the first to second best quotes, recognized the purpose of inducing, and convicted them; in applying the law it cited Article 31 (1), subparagraph 4 of the Futures Trading Act.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court, stating that because the defendants did not appeal, misapprehension of facts and violation of statutes were not lawful grounds for final appeal, examined the matter ex officio; it held that the orders of the defendants, who were not exchange members, constituted the entrustment of trading activity and fell under subparagraph 6 and Article 7 of the Enforcement Decree rather than subparagraph 4, but that since the statutory penalty was the same this did not affect the outcome of the judgment, and it accepted the finding of the court below, which held the conduct to be one with a high possibility of altering market prices, based on such matters as the share of total market order volume, the ratio of order participation within the five-level quote range, and the ratio of cancellations of large-volume orders.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Cases where the only circumstance is that order cancellations were frequent and it is not confirmed that large-volume phantom orders were continuously repeated within the quote range disclosed to market participants
  • Order activity of an investment entity whose share of total market order volume is small, so that it is difficult to regard it as possessing market dominance and informational and financial power
  • Cases where a violation of Article 95-14 (2), which imposes aggravated punishment according to the profit obtained from market manipulation or the loss avoided, is at issue, so that proof of the amount of gain is required

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, one should first check whether the relevant orders were in fact part of a normal trading strategy carried out with a genuine intention to execute, and whether the orderer's share in the market, its ratio of order participation within the publicly disclosed quote range, and its ratio of cancellations of large-volume orders were as high as in this Case.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 시세조종 등의 금지에 관한 선물거래법 제31조 제1항 제4호에 정한 ‘선물거래를 유인할 목적’과 ‘당해 선물거래가 성황을 이루고 있는 것으로 오인하게 하거나 선물거래의 시세를 고정 또는 변동시키는 거래행위’의 의미 및 그 판단 방법 [2] 시세조종행위 자체를 처벌하는 선물거래법 제95조의14 제1항, 제31조 제1항 위반죄에서 시세변동 가능성에 대한 증명의 정도 및 이익의 실현을 요하는지 여부(소극) [3] 국채선물시장에서 시장지배력과 정보력·자금력을 갖춘 투자회사가 시장 참여자들에게 그 거래 내역이 공개되는 범위인 현재가의 아래 위 5단계 내의 호가에 대량의 허수주문과 취소를 지속적으로 반복한 행위가 선물거래법 제31조 제1항의 시세조종행위에 해당한다고 본 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] The meanings of 'the purpose of enticing futures trading' and 'a trading act that causes one to mistakenly believe that the relevant futures trading is brisk, or that fixes or fluctuates the market price of futures trading,' as provided in subparagraph 4 of paragraph (1) of Article 31 of the Commodity Futures Trading Act concerning the prohibition of market manipulation and the like, and the method of determining them [2] The degree of proof required as to the possibility of price fluctuation, and whether the realization of profit is required, in the offense of violation of Article 95-14 (1) and Article 31 (1) of the Commodity Futures Trading Act, which punish market manipulation itself (negative) [3] A case in which an investment company possessing market-dominating power as well as information and capital capacity in the government bond futures market was found to have engaged in market manipulation as provided in Article 31 (1) of the Commodity Futures Trading Act by continuously repeating large-volume fictitious orders and their cancellation at quotes within five levels above and below the current price, which is the scope within which its trading details are disclosed to market participants

Summary of the holding

[1] 선물거래법 제31조 제1항 제4호에 정한 ‘선물거래를 유인할 목적'이란 인위적인 조작을 가하여 시세를 변동시키면서 투자자에게는 그 시세가 선물거래시장에서의 자연적인 수요·공급의 원칙에 의하여 형성된 것으로 오인시켜 선물 매매거래에 끌어들이려는 목적을 말한다. 이러한 목적은 다른 목적과의 공존 여부나 어느 목적이 주된 것인지는 문제되지 아니하며, 투자자의 오해를 실제로 유발하였는지 여부나 타인에게 손해가 발생하였는지 여부 등도 문제가 되지 아니한다. 그리고 위 제4호에서 말하는 ‘당해 선물거래가 성황을 이루고 있는 것으로 오인하게 하거나 선물거래의 시세를 고정 또는 변동시키는 거래행위’란 본래 정상적인 수요·공급에 따라 자유경쟁시장에서 형성될 시세 및 거래량을 시장요인에 의하지 아니한 다른 요인으로 인위적으로 변동시킬 가능성이 있는 거래를 말한다. 그로 인하여 실제로 시세가 변동될 필요까지는 없고, 일련의 행위가 이어진 경우에는 전체적으로 그 행위로 인하여 시세를 변동시킬 가능성이 있으면 충분하다. 이상의 각 요건에 해당하는지 여부는 당사자가 이를 자백하지 않더라도 해당 선물의 성격과 현물과의 관계, 거래의 동기와 태양, 선물 및 현물의 가격 및 거래량의 동향, 전후의 거래상황, 거래의 경제적 합리성 및 공정성 등의 간접사실을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단할 수 있다. [2] 시세조종행위로 얻은 이익 또는 회피한 손실액에 따라 구성요건의 차등을 두어 가중처벌하고 있는 선물거래법 제95조의14 제2항 위반의 범죄와는 달리, 시세조종행위 자체를 처벌하는 같은 조 제1항, 제31조 제1항의 범죄는 시세를 변동시킬 가능성에 대한 입증만 있으면 충분하므로 어느 정도의 가격변동이 실제로 발생하였는지를 개개의 거래마다 엄밀하게 증명할 필요는 없다. 또한, 이익의 실현 여부 역시 구성요건과 무관하므로 시세조종이 이루어진 기간 전체로 볼 때 실제로는 오히려 손해가 발생하여도 죄책의 성립에 지장이 없다. [3] 국채선물시장에서 시장지배력과 정보력·자금력을 갖춘 투자회사가 시장 참여자들에게 그 거래 내역이 공개되는 범위인 현재가의 아래 위 5단계 내의 호가에 대량의 허수주문과 취소를 지속적으로 반복한 행위가 선물거래법 제31조 제1항의 시세조종행위에 해당한다고 본 사례.

Order

상고를 모두 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

All appeals are dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 선물거래법 제31조 제1항 제4호 [2] 선물거래법 제31조 제1항, 제95조의14 제1항 [3] 선물거래법 제31조 제1항, 제95조의14 제1항

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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