Open Decision Ledger · IP, data & telecommunications
The Meaning of Indicating the Author's Real Name in Source Indication under the Former Copyright Act and the Test for Determining a Reasonable Method of Source Indication
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Apr. 29, 2010, 2007Do2202 (judgment)
Case name: 저작권법위반
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Does paragraph (2) of Article 34 of the former Copyright Act require the author's real name or pen name to be expressly stated in all cases when quoting a work bearing a real name or pen name?
Holding
The phrase calling for the statement of the real name or pen name merely illustrates a method of source indication and is not an obligation without exception. Whether the source has been indicated by a reasonable method is determined by comprehensively considering the circumstances of the use of the work, and the Supreme Court upheld the court below's finding of not guilty as to conduct in which, in a promotional booklet, a commentary from another academy's textbook was quoted while the source was indicated only as the academy textbook.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
저작물의 출처를 명시하는 방법을 예시한 것에 불과할 뿐 어떠한 경우라도 예외 없이 저작자의 실명 또는 이명을 명시하여야 한다는 것은 아니라고 해석함이 상당하고
Unofficial English translation
It is reasonable to interpret that it is merely an illustration of the method of indicating the source of a work and does not mean that in any case the author's real name or pen name must be specified without exception, and
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The appeal is dismissed.
Form of the test
Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision
저작물의 종류, 성질, 그 이용의 목적 및 형태 등 저작물의 이용상황을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다
Unofficial English translation
must be determined by comprehensively considering the circumstances of use of the work, such as the type and nature of the work and the purpose and form of its use
Factors
- 저작물의 종류, 성질, 그 이용의 목적 및 형태 등 저작물의 이용상황
- 오인될 가능성을 배제했고
- 홍보용이라는 성질상 과장되기 쉬워서
- 저작자의 명예 등의 권익을 손상할 우려
Unofficial English translation
• the circumstances of use of the work, such as the type and nature of the work and the purpose and form of its use
• the possibility of misidentification was excluded, and
• because it is prone to exaggeration by its nature as promotional material
• the risk of impairing the author's reputation and other rights and interests
Relation to precedent
States a new standard Read from the decision
저작물의 출처를 명시하는 방법을 예시한 것에 불과할 뿐
Unofficial English translation
is merely an illustration of the method of indicating the source of a work
Decisions referred to
None listed
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Can the omission also be recognized as reasonable source indication when quoting for purposes of criticism in a textbook or academic work other than a promotional booklet without identifying the author?
We will re-examine this reading if the source indication provision of Article 37 of the current Copyright Act or the proviso to paragraph (2) of Article 12 concerning the right to indicate one's name is amended, or if a Supreme Court decision interpreting them in a different sense is rendered.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
In comparison with an independent reading by another family of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 6 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on axis 6 (Relation to precedent) and axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Cannot be determined”
Although the text may be read as setting a new standard in that it expressly sets out the exception to the indication of the name and the comprehensive test, since it does not clarify its relation to existing precedent, it may also be read as Cannot be determined.
저작물의 출처를 명시하는 방법을 예시한 것에 불과할 뿐Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Can the omission also be recognized as reasonable source indication when quoting for purposes of criticism in a textbook or academic work other than a promotional booklet without identifying the author?” vs Independent “Can a method of indicating only the academy name and an unspecified textbook be recognized as reasonable source indication even where no concern of harming the author's rights and interests is recognized?”
The first reading asks about quotations in textbooks or academic works other than promotional materials, while the independent reading asks about unspecified source indication where there is no concern of harm to the author's rights and interests.
저작물의 출처를 명시하는 방법을 예시한 것에 불과할 뿐 어떠한 경우라도 예외 없이 저작자의 실명 또는 이명을 명시하여야 한다는 것은 아니라고 해석함이 상당하고Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below rendered a not guilty judgment against the defendants on the ground that it was difficult to find that Defendant 1, an employee of the defendant company, had violated the obligation to indicate the source; it further held that, even assuming such a violation of the obligation, the act fell under a justifiable act under Article 20 of the Criminal Act, so unlawfulness was excluded.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held the court below's finding of not guilty to be proper, citing the circumstances that the quoted portion was clearly distinguished from the defendant's own work so as to eliminate any possibility of confusion, that the work would merely be perceived as a promotional booklet so there was little concern of harming the interest of asserting oneself as the author, and that specifying the real name could rather carry the risk of damaging the author's honor or credit. It held that the determination on justifiable act was merely ancillary and hypothetical and had no effect on the judgment, and therefore did not examine it separately.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the quoted portion is not clearly distinguished from the defendant's own work, so that the possibility remains that readers may confuse or mistake it for the user's own work
- Where the quoted material is not promotional in nature but has the character of a textbook or publication that competes with the original work, so that there is concern that the interest of asserting oneself as the author may be infringed
- Where the author has made a particular expression of intention concerning the indication of the real name, or where the work was used merely for the purpose of straight reproduction rather than criticism
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, one must first check whether there are circumstances, in light of the nature of the quoted material and the purpose of the use, for holding that omitting the real name does not harm the author's interests, and whether the quoted portion has been indicated in a manner clearly distinguished from the defendant's own work.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 구 저작권법 제34조 제2항에 규정된 ‘저작자의 실명 또는 이명이 표시된 저작물인 경우에는 그 실명 또는 이명을 명시하여야 한다’는 문언의 의미 및 저작물의 출처가 합리적이라고 인정되는 방법으로 명시되었는지 여부의 판단 기준 [2] 갑 주식회사가 운영하는 대입 논술학원의 원장인 을이, 위 학원의 홍보용 책자에서 다른 유명 논술학원이 작성한 기출 논술고사 문제에 관한 해제 및 예시 답안을 인용하고 비판하면서 그 출처를 "A학원 모 교재"라고만 표시한 사안에서, 출처명시의무를 위반하였다고 보기 어렵다는 이유로 무죄를 선고한 원심의 판단을 정당하다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] The meaning of the phrase 'where a work bears the author's real name or pen name, the real name or pen name must be specified' as provided in Article 34 (2) of the former Copyright Act, and the criteria for determining whether the source of a work has been specified in a reasonable manner [2] A case in which the Court held proper the judgment of the court below, which pronounced not guilty on the ground that it is difficult to regard that the duty to specify the source was violated, where B, the principal of the college essay academy operated by joint-stock company A, quoted and criticized the explanations and sample answers regarding essay examination questions written by another well-known essay academy in a promotional booklet of the said academy, and indicated the source only as "a certain textbook of A Academy"
Summary of the holding
[1] 구 저작권법(2006. 12. 28. 법률 제8101호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제34조의 입법 취지와 내용 및 그 밖에 저작자의 성명표시권에 관하여 규정한 같은 법 제12조 제2항에서도 "저작물을 이용하는 자는 그 저작자의 특별한 의사표시가 없는 때에는 저작자가 그의 실명 또는 이명을 표시한 바에 따라 이를 표시하여야 한다"고 규정하는 한편으로, "다만, 저작물의 성질, 그 이용목적 또는 형태 등에 비추어 부득이 하다고 인정되는 경우에는 그러하지 아니하다"는 단서규정을 두고 있는 점 등에 비추어 보면, 같은 법 제34조 제2항에 규정된 ‘저작자의 실명 또는 이명이 표시된 저작물인 경우에는 그 실명 또는 이명을 명시하여야 한다’는 문언은 저작물의 출처를 명시하는 방법을 예시한 것에 불과할 뿐 어떠한 경우라도 예외 없이 저작자의 실명 또는 이명을 명시하여야 한다는 것은 아니라고 해석함이 상당하고, 저작자의 성명을 포함하여 저작물의 출처가 합리적이라고 인정되는 방법으로 명시되었는지 여부는 저작물의 종류, 성질, 그 이용의 목적 및 형태 등 저작물의 이용상황을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다. [2] 갑 주식회사가 운영하는 대입 논술학원의 원장인 을이, 위 학원의 홍보용 책자에서 다른 유명 논술학원이 작성한 기출 논술고사 문제에 관한 해제 및 예시 답안을 인용하고 비판하면서 그 출처를 "A학원 모 교재"라고만 표시한 사안에서, 을이 위 해제가 자신의 저작물과 혼동·오인될 가능성을 배제했고, 을이 만든 책자가 홍보용이라는 성질상 과장되기 쉬워서 인용된 저작물 저작자의 실명 등을 구체적으로 특정할 경우 자칫 저작자의 명예 등의 권익을 손상할 우려도 전혀없다고는 단정할 수 없는 사정 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 볼 때, 출처명시의무를 위반하였다고 보기 어렵다는 이유로 무죄를 선고한 원심의 판단을 정당하다고 한 사례.
Order
상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The appeal is dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 구 저작권법(2006. 12. 28. 법률 제8101호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제12조 제2항, 제34조(현행 제37조 참조), 제100조 제1호의2(현행 제138조 제2호 참조) [2] 구 저작권법(2006. 12. 28. 법률 제8101호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제12조 제2항, 제34조(현행 제37조 참조), 제100조 제1호의2(현행 제138조 제2호 참조), 제103조(현행 제141조 참조)
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