In writing only: email and e-filing

KSTGeneral information, not legal advice

Open Decision Ledger · Criminal & investigative procedure

Strict Interpretation of a Search and Seizure Warrant, Individual Presentation, Timing of Delivery of the Inventory of Seized Items, and the Burden of Proof for the Exception to Illegally Obtained Evidence

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Mar. 12, 2009, 2008Do763 (judgment)

Case name: 공직선거법위반

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    May evidence collected in violation of the procedures concerning the scope of the entries in a search and seizure warrant, the method of its presentation, and the timing of the delivery of the inventory of seized items exceptionally be used as evidence of guilt, and who must prove the exceptional circumstances?

  2. Holding

    The wording of the warrant specifying the items to be seized must be strictly interpreted, the warrant must be presented individually to each person subject to the disposition, and the inventory of seized items must be prepared and delivered on the spot immediately after the seizure. It was held that evidence collected in violation of these requirements is in principle inadmissible as evidence, and that concrete and special circumstances falling within an exception must be proved by the prosecution.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    헌법과 형사소송법이 정한 절차에 위반하여 수집한 증거는 기본적 인권 보장을 위해 마련된 적법한 절차에 따르지 않은 것으로서 원칙적으로 유죄의 증거로 삼을 수 없다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Evidence collected in violation of the procedures prescribed by the Constitution and the Criminal Procedure Act, not having been obtained in accordance with the lawful procedures established for the guarantee of fundamental human rights, cannot in principle be adopted as evidence of guilt.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The appeal is dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    현장에서 압수·수색을 당하는 사람이 여러 명일 경우에는 그 사람들 모두에게 개별적으로 영장을 제시해야 하는 것이 원칙이다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Where several persons undergo search and seizure at the scene, it is the principle that the warrant must be presented individually to all of those persons.
  5. Factors

    • 함부로 피압수자 등에게 불리한 내용으로 확장 또는 유추 해석하여서는 안 된다
    • 그 사람들 모두에게 개별적으로 영장을 제시해야 하는 것이 원칙이다
    • 압수 직후 현장에서 바로 작성하여 교부해야 하는 것이 원칙이다
    • 수사기관의 절차 위반행위가 적법절차의 실질적인 내용을 침해하는 경우에 해당하지 아니하고

    Unofficial English translation

    • must not be arbitrarily expanded or interpreted by analogy to the disadvantage of the person subject to seizure, etc.

    • it is the principle that the warrant must be presented individually to all of those persons

    • it is the principle that it must be prepared and delivered on the spot immediately after seizure

    • does not fall under a case where a procedural violation by an investigative agency infringes upon the substantive content of due process, and

  6. Relation to precedent

    States a new standard Read from the decision

    그와 같은 특별한 사정에 대한 증명책임자(=검사)

    Unofficial English translation

    the party bearing the burden of proof as to such special circumstances (=the prosecutor)

    Decisions referred to

    None listed

  7. Burden of proof

    The prosecution Stated in the decision

    그러한 예외적인 경우에 해당한다고 볼 만한 구체적이고 특별한 사정이 존재한다는 것은 검사가 입증하여야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The prosecutor must prove the existence of concrete and special circumstances warranting the conclusion that the case falls under such an exceptional case.
  8. Open question and revisit condition

    To what degree of fact may the concrete and special circumstances that the prosecution must prove be recognized?

    This reading will be re-examined if the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act concerning the presentation of a warrant or the delivery of the inventory of seized items are amended, or if subsequent decisions on the exception to illegally obtained evidence are handed down.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

As a result of comparing an independent reading by another line of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on Axis 6 (Relation to precedent).

Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Cannot be determined”

Because the original text specifically sets out the exceptional admissibility of evidence and the burden of proof, the primary reading may read it as a new standard, but since the relation to precedent is not expressly stated, the independent reading may reserve confirmation.

그와 같은 특별한 사정에 대한 증명책임자(=검사)

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below held that items kept at the place of seizure stated in the warrant cannot be interpreted as items presently existing there, that the seizure was unlawful where the warrant was presented only to Non-indicted 1, the head of the secretariat, and was not separately presented to Non-indicted 2, the secretary, who later brought the seized items, and that the inventory of seized items, which omitted the date of preparation, was prepared in part contrary to the facts, and was delivered five months after the completion of the search and seizure, did not constitute lawful preparation and delivery. The prosecution's assertion that the case fell within the exception to admissibility of evidence was also not accepted.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court, viewing all of the holdings of the court below as justifiable, dismissed the prosecution's final appeal. It set out the strict interpretation of the wording of the warrant, the principle of individual presentation, and the principle that the inventory must be delivered immediately after the seizure, and added that the exception to illegally obtained evidence must not be recognized lightly and that the circumstances falling within that exception must be proved by the prosecution. It also held that the measure of the court below in not granting in part the application for evidence fell within the scope of its discretion.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A case in which the warrant expressly states that the items to be seized include items presently existing at the place, so that an expansive interpretation is unnecessary
  • A case in which it is confirmed from the record that the warrant was separately presented to the person possessing the items to be seized
  • A case in which the prosecution has proved concrete and special circumstances that the procedural violation is minor and does not infringe the substantive content of due process

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, first check how the persons to whom the warrant was presented, the timing of the seizure, the date of preparation of the inventory of seized items, and the timing of its delivery are confirmed from the record, and whether the prosecution has specifically proved the exceptional circumstances.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 압수·수색영장에 압수대상물을 압수장소에 ‘보관중인 물건’으로 기재한 경우, 이를 ‘현존하는 물건’으로 해석가능한지 여부(소극) [2] 압수·수색영장의 제시방법(=개별적 제시) [3] 형사소송법상 압수목록의 작성·교부시기(=압수 직후) [4] 헌법과 형사소송법이 정한 절차를 위반하여 수집한 증거를 예외적으로 유죄의 증거로 사용할 수 있는 경우 및 그와 같은 특별한 사정에 대한 증명책임자(=검사)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Whether, where a search and seizure warrant describes the items to be seized as ‘articles kept at’ the place of seizure, this may be interpreted as ‘articles presently existing there’ (negative) [2] Method of presenting a search and seizure warrant (=individual presentation) [3] The timing of preparing and delivering a list of seized items under the Criminal Procedure Act (=immediately after seizure) [4] The cases in which evidence collected in violation of the procedures prescribed by the Constitution and the Criminal Procedure Act may exceptionally be used as evidence of guilt, and the party bearing the burden of proof as to such special circumstances (=the prosecutor)

Summary of the holding

[1] 헌법과 형사소송법이 구현하고자 하는 적법절차와 영장주의의 정신에 비추어 볼 때, 법관이 압수·수색영장을 발부하면서 ‘압수할 물건’을 특정하기 위하여 기재한 문언은 엄격하게 해석하여야 하고, 함부로 피압수자 등에게 불리한 내용으로 확장 또는 유추 해석하여서는 안 된다. 따라서 압수·수색영장에서 압수할 물건을 ‘압수장소에 보관중인 물건’이라고 기재하고 있는 것을 ‘압수장소에 현존하는 물건‘으로 해석할 수는 없다. [2] 압수·수색영장은 처분을 받는 자에게 반드시 제시하여야 하는바, 현장에서 압수·수색을 당하는 사람이 여러 명일 경우에는 그 사람들 모두에게 개별적으로 영장을 제시해야 하는 것이 원칙이다. 수사기관이 압수·수색에 착수하면서 그 장소의 관리책임자에게 영장을 제시하였다고 하더라도, 물건을 소지하고 있는 다른 사람으로부터 이를 압수하고자 하는 때에는 그 사람에게 따로 영장을 제시하여야 한다. [3] 공무원인 수사기관이 작성하여 피압수자 등에게 교부해야 하는 압수물 목록에는 작성연월일을 기재하고, 그 내용은 사실에 부합하여야 한다. 압수물 목록은 피압수자 등이 압수물에 대한 환부·가환부신청을 하거나 압수처분에 대한 준항고를 하는 등 권리행사절차를 밟는 가장 기초적인 자료가 되므로, 이러한 권리행사에 지장이 없도록 압수 직후 현장에서 바로 작성하여 교부해야 하는 것이 원칙이다. [4] 헌법과 형사소송법이 정한 절차에 위반하여 수집한 증거는 기본적 인권 보장을 위해 마련된 적법한 절차에 따르지 않은 것으로서 원칙적으로 유죄의 증거로 삼을 수 없다. 다만, 수사기관의 증거 수집 과정에서 이루어진 절차 위반행위와 관련된 모든 사정을 전체적·종합적으로 살펴볼 때, 수사기관의 절차 위반행위가 적법절차의 실질적인 내용을 침해하는 경우에 해당하지 아니하고, 오히려 그 증거의 증거능력을 배제하는 것이 헌법과 형사소송법이 형사소송에 관한 절차 조항을 마련하여 적법절차의 원칙과 실체적 진실 규명의 조화를 도모하고 이를 통하여 형사 사법 정의를 실현하려 한 취지에 반하는 결과를 초래하는 것으로 평가되는 예외적인 경우라면 법원은 그 증거를 유죄 인정의 증거로 사용할 수 있으나, 구체적 사안이 위와 같은 예외적인 경우에 해당하는지를 판단하는 과정에서 적법한 절차를 따르지 않고 수집된 증거를 유죄의 증거로 삼을 수 없다는 원칙이 훼손되지 않도록 유념하여야 하고, 그러한 예외적인 경우에 해당한다고 볼 만한 구체적이고 특별한 사정이 존재한다는 것은 검사가 입증하여야 한다.

Order

상고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The appeal is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 헌법 제12조 제1항, 제3항, 형사소송법 제215조 [2] 형사소송법 제118조, 제219조 [3] 형사소송법 제129조 [4] 헌법 제12조 제1항, 제3항, 형사소송법 제215조, 제307조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

Back to the ledger
You are reading PRO SE
RISCON Labsrisconlabs.com