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Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime

Establishment of the Crime of Occupational Breach of Trust Where Goods Are Supplied at a Non-Discounted Price Through a Fictitious Supplier, and Loss Whose Value Cannot Be Calculated

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Oct. 15, 2009, 2009Do5655 (judgment)

Case name: 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임){인정된죄명:업무상배임}·특정범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(뇌물)·업무상배임·업무상횡령·뇌물수수·뇌물공여

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    If a director who could have obtained supplies at a discounted price has a fictitious supplier set up for his own benefit and obtains them at an undiscounted price, is the crime of occupational breach of trust established, and how should the amount of the company's loss be assessed?

  2. Holding

    Such conduct constitutes a breach of duty that betrays the fiduciary relationship with the company and gives rise to the crime of occupational breach of trust. However, where there are special circumstances such as the inability to identify a price at which a discount could have been obtained, the entire benefit acquired by the director cannot be regarded as the amount of loss, and the company is regarded as having suffered a loss whose value cannot be calculated, the Supreme Court held.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    구체적 사정에 비추어 할인받을 수 있는 가격을 특정할 수 없는 등의 특별한 사정이 있다면 이사가 취득한 이익 전체를 회사에 발생한 재산상 손해액이라고 할 수는 없고, 회사에는 가액을 산정할 수 없는 손해가 발생하였다고 봄이 상당하다.

    Unofficial English translation

    if, in light of the specific circumstances, there are special circumstances such as that the price at which the discount could have been received cannot be identified, the entire profit obtained by the director cannot be regarded as the amount of pecuniary loss caused to the company, and it is appropriate to regard that damage the amount of which cannot be calculated was caused to the company.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    상고를 모두 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    All appeals are dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    이는 회사와의 신임관계를 저버리는 행위로서 임무에 위배하는 행위라고 할 것이다.

    Unofficial English translation

    This would be an act that betrays the fiduciary relationship with the company, and thus an act in breach of duty.
  5. Factors

    • 할인된 가격으로 납품가격을 정할 수 있었음에도
    • 자신이 이익을 취득할 의도로 납품업자에게 가공의 납품업체를 만들게 한 뒤
    • 그 납품업체로부터 할인되지 않은 가격으로 납품을 받았다면
    • 할인받을 수 있는 가격을 특정할 수 없는 등의 특별한 사정

    Unofficial English translation

    • even though the supply price could have been set at a discounted price,

    • after having the supplier create a fictitious supply company with the intention of obtaining a profit for himself,

    • if supplies were received from that supply company at a price that was not discounted,

    • special circumstances such as that the price at which the discount could have been received cannot be identified

  6. Relation to precedent

    Cannot be determined Not in the decision

    Decisions referred to

    None listed

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Where evidence sufficient to regard the discountable price as identifiable has been secured, by what method should the amount of loss be calculated?

    If subsequent case law emerges concerning the concept of loss in breach of trust or the calculation of the amount of gain under Article 355 (2) and Article 356 of the Criminal Act, we will re-examine this reading.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

In comparison with an independent reading by another AI model (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the fourth axis (Form of the test).

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Application to the facts”

Because the original text states the general conditions of breach of duty and of the assessment of the amount of loss and applies them to the representative director's feed additive transactions, the first reading may place weight on the statement of conditions while the independent reading may place weight on the concrete application.

업무상배임죄가 성립하고, 이로 인하여 회사에는 ‘가액을 산정할 수 없는 손해’가 발생하였다고 판단한 사례.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below, citing the judgment of first instance, found that Defendant 1, despite being in a favorable position in price negotiations, acquired a pecuniary benefit equivalent to the difference by receiving supply through a fictitious supplier with the intent of obtaining a profit. However, on the circumstances including that it is difficult to regard it as possible that Defendant 2 would supply at a price with the profit deducted, the court below held that the company suffered pecuniary loss in an unspecified amount.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court regarded the court below's determinations of breach of duty, intent of breach of trust, and pecuniary loss as proper, and dismissed both Defendant 1's final appeal and the prosecution's final appeal concerning the calculation of loss. The court below's expression of the loss as the difference was also held not to violate the principle prohibiting reformatio in peius, since the basic facts were identical to the criminal facts of the judgment of first instance.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the company was not in a favorable position in price negotiations, so that the very possibility of receiving supply at a discounted price is not recognized
  • Where it is established by evidence that the supplier was actually able to supply to the company at a discounted price, so that the amount of loss can be specifically calculated
  • Where the main purpose of interposing a fictitious supplier was the benefit of the company rather than the acquisition of benefit by the director

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, it should first be checked whether the company was in a superior negotiating position because it could purchase the same goods from another company, and whether there are materials by which the discountable price can be identified, so that the amount of loss must be separately calculated.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 이사가 회사에 필요한 물품을 할인된 가격으로 납품받을 수 있었음에도 자신이 이익을 취득할 의도로 납품업자에게 가공의 납품업체를 만들게 한 뒤 그 납품업체로부터 할인되지 않은 가격으로 납품을 받은 경우, 업무상배임죄의 성립 여부(적극) [2] 회사의 대표이사가 사료첨가제를 구매하면서 납품으로 발생하는 이익을 자신이 취득할 의도로 납품업자에게 가공의 납품업체를 만들게 하고 그로부터 납품받음으로써 재산상 이익을 취득한 경우, 업무상배임죄가 성립하고, 이로 인하여 회사에는 ‘가액을 산정할 수 없는 손해’가 발생하였다고 판단한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] Where a director could have received necessary goods for the company at a discounted price, but, with the intention of obtaining a profit for himself, had the supplier create a fictitious supply company and then received supplies from that supply company at a price that was not discounted, whether the crime of occupational breach of trust is established (affirmative) [2] A case in which, where the representative director of a company, while purchasing feed additives, had the supplier create a fictitious supply company with the intention of obtaining for himself the profit arising from the supply and thereby received supplies from it and obtained a pecuniary benefit, the court found that the crime of occupational breach of trust was established and that, as a result, ‘damage the amount of which cannot be calculated’ was caused to the company

Summary of the holding

[1] 이사는 회사에 대하여 법령과 정관의 규정에 따라 성실하게 회사에 최선의 이익이 되도록 직무를 수행하여야 할 선관주의의무 내지 충실의무를 부담하는 것이므로, 회사에 필요한 물품을 납품받음에 있어 할인된 가격으로 납품가격을 정할 수 있었음에도 납품과정에서 자신이 이익을 취득할 의도로 납품업자에게 가공의 납품업체를 만들게 한 뒤 그 납품업체로부터 할인되지 않은 가격으로 납품을 받았다면 이는 회사와의 신임관계를 저버리는 행위로서 임무에 위배하는 행위라고 할 것이다. 다만, 구체적 사정에 비추어 할인받을 수 있는 가격을 특정할 수 없는 등의 특별한 사정이 있다면 이사가 취득한 이익 전체를 회사에 발생한 재산상 손해액이라고 할 수는 없고, 회사에는 가액을 산정할 수 없는 손해가 발생하였다고 봄이 상당하다. [2] 회사의 대표이사가 사료첨가제 납품업체와 가격협상을 함에 있어 유리한 위치에 있었음에도 사료첨가제 납품으로 발생하는 이익금을 자신 등이 얻기 위한 의도에서, 납품업자에게 가공의 납품업체를 만들어 사료첨가제를 납품하라고 지시하고 이를 납품받음으로써 통상적인 납품가격과 가격협상을 통하여 더 낮은 수준에서 납품받을 수 있었던 납품가격의 차액 상당의 재산상 이익을 취득한 경우, 업무상배임죄가 성립하고, 이로 인하여 회사에는 ‘가액을 산정할 수 없는 손해’가 발생하였다고 판단한 사례.

Order

상고를 모두 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

All appeals are dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조 [2] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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