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Open Decision Ledger · Criminal law

Requirements for Punishing a Corporation Under a Dual Punishment Clause and the Standard for Determining a Failure to Exercise Due Care and Oversight

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Feb. 25, 2010, 2009Do5824 (judgment)

Case name: 도로법위반

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    If a violation of the former Road Act by an employee is found, may the corporation to which the employee belongs be punished under a dual punishment clause on that basis alone?

  2. Holding

    Under the principle of individual responsibility for punishment, a dual punishment clause applies only where the corporation has failed to exercise due care or oversight with respect to the Work related to the violation. Whether such a failure occurred must be determined by taking into account, in an overall and comprehensive manner, the legislative purpose, the degree of infringement of the protected legal interest, the manner of the violation, the scale of the corporation's business and its capacity for supervision, and the preventive measures actually taken by the corporation; accordingly, the court below, which punished the corporation under a dual punishment clause on the basis of the employee's violation alone, was reversed.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    형벌의 자기책임원칙에 비추어 보면 위반행위가 발생한 그 업무와 관련하여 법인이 상당한 주의 또는 관리감독 의무를 게을리한 때에 한하여 위 양벌조항이 적용된다고 봄이 상당하며

    Unofficial English translation

    In light of the principle of personal responsibility in criminal punishment, it is reasonable to regard the aforesaid dual punishment clause as being applicable only where the corporation has neglected its duty of due care or supervision in connection with the business in which the violating act occurred, and
  3. Disposition

    Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    그 부분 사건을 대전지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    That part of the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the main court of Daejeon District Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    법인이 상당한 주의 또는 관리감독 의무를 게을리한 때에 한하여 위 양벌조항이 적용된다고 봄이 상당하며

    Unofficial English translation

    it is reasonable to regard the aforesaid dual punishment clause as being applicable only where the corporation has neglected its duty of due care or supervision, and
  5. Factors

    • 당해 법률의 입법 취지, 처벌조항 위반으로 예상되는 법익 침해의 정도
    • 위반행위의 구체적인 모습과 그로 인하여 실제 야기된 피해 또는 결과의 정도
    • 법인의 영업 규모 및 행위자에 대한 감독가능성 또는 구체적인 지휘감독 관계
    • 법인이 위반행위 방지를 위하여 실제 행한 조치

    Unofficial English translation

    • The legislative purpose of the statute concerned and the degree of infringement of legal interests anticipated from the violation of the punitive provision

    • The specific features of the violating act and the degree of the damage or result actually caused thereby

    • The scale of the corporation's business and its supervisory capacity over the actor, or the concrete relationship of direction and supervision

    • The measures actually taken by the corporation to prevent the violating act

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Read from the decision

    헌법재판소 2009. 7. 30. 선고 2008헌가16 전원재판부 결정

    Unofficial English translation

    Constitutional Court Full Bench Decision 2008Hun-Ka16 decided July 30, 2009

    Decisions referred to

    [1][2] 헌법재판소 2009. 7. 30. 선고 2008헌가16 전원재판부 결정(헌공154, 1409), 헌법재판소 2009. 7. 30. 선고 2008헌가17 전원재판부 결정(헌공154, 1418)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    The circumstance that a corporation has fulfilled its duty of due care or oversight: must it be proved by the prosecution, or by the corporation?

    If the text of the dual punishment clause under the Road Act is amended, or if a Constitutional Court decision or Supreme Court precedent concerning the elements of liability under a dual punishment clause changes, this reading will be checked again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

When compared with an independent reading by another lineage of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, 6 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on Axis 4 (Form of the test) and Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”

Because the original text presents the failure of duty as a requirement for punishment while requiring a comprehensive weighing of all circumstances to determine it, the primary reading may focus on the elements while the independent reading focuses on the manner of determination.

법인이 위반행위 방지를 위하여 실제 행한 조치 등을 전체적으로 종합하여 판단하여야 한다.

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “The circumstance that a corporation has fulfilled its duty of due care or oversight: must it be proved by the prosecution, or by the corporation?” vs Independent “May the education and supervision measures actually taken by the corporation in this case be assessed as a fulfillment of its duty of due care or oversight?”

The primary reading asks who bears the burden of proof as to performance of the duty, while the independent reading asks whether the actual measures taken by the corporation in this case may be assessed as performance of the duty.

형벌의 자기책임원칙에 비추어 보면 위반행위가 발생한 그 업무와 관련하여 법인이 상당한 주의 또는 관리감독 의무를 게을리한 때에 한하여 위 양벌조항이 적용된다고 봄이 상당하며

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below (Daejeon District Court Decision 2009No796) found Defendant 1 guilty, having found the facts that, after the vehicle driven by Defendant 1 was measured as a vehicle exceeding the height limit, Defendant 1 did not comply with the demand of an official of the road management authority to stop and passed through the checkpoint. It then punished Defendant Company under the dual punishment clause, on the sole ground that Defendant 1's act constituted the offense of violating the former Road Act, without examining the content of Defendant Company's duty of care or whether that duty was breached.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court dismissed the final appeal of Defendant 1 as merely contesting the findings of fact. As to Defendant Company, it held that, ex officio (by the court's own authority), the court should have examined the number of employees and the scale of the company, the relationship of direction and supervision, whether compliance education had been provided on observing operation restrictions and following instructions from public officials, and whether, in light of Defendant 1's prior record, special oversight was necessary and whether such oversight had been carried out; on that part, the case was reversed and remanded.

Distinguishing conditions

  • A case in which the dual punishment clause separately provides an exemption proviso addressing the corporation's failure of care or supervision, and the interpretation of that proviso is at issue
  • A case in which the violation was not carried out in connection with the corporation's Work but was a personal act of the employee
  • A case in which the representative of the corporation personally committed the violation, so that supervision over the employee is not in issue

Record verification notes

Before imposing liability on a corporation under a dual punishment clause, the Records should be checked for the scale of the corporation and the relationship of direction and supervision, whether education or measures to prevent violations actually took place, and whether the actor's prior record called for special supervision.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 구 도로법 제86조의 ‘양벌조항’이 적용되기 위한 요건 및 구체적인 사안에서 법인이 상당한 주의 또는 관리감독 의무를 게을리하였는지 여부의 판단 기준 [2] 갑의 행위가 구 도로법 제83조 제1항 제3호 위반죄에 해당한다는 이유만으로, 같은 법 제86조의 양벌조항에 따라 갑의 소속 법인을 처벌한 원심판결에 양벌조항의 사업주 책임에 관한 법리오해 또는 심리미진의 위법이 있다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] Requirements for application of the 'dual punishment clause' of Article 86 of the former Road Act and the criteria for determining whether a corporation has neglected its duty of due care or supervision in a concrete case [2] A case in which the judgment of the court below, which punished the corporation to which A belonged, under the dual punishment clause of Article 86 of the same Act on the sole ground that A's conduct constituted the crime of violating Article 83 (1) subparagraph 3 of the former Road Act, was held to involve illegality amounting to misapprehension of legal principles regarding the employer's liability under the dual punishment clause or failure to exhaust deliberations

Summary of the holding

[1] 구 도로법(2008. 3. 21. 법률 제8976호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제83조 제1항 제3호는 차량의 운행제한에 대한 위반 여부를 확인하기 위한 관리청의 관계서류 제출 등 요구에 정당한 사유 없이 불응한 자를 처벌하는 외에, 같은 법 제86조로 법인의 대리인·사용인 기타의 종업원이 그 법인의 업무에 관하여 위 위반행위를 한 경우 법인도 처벌하는 ‘양벌조항’을 두고 있다. 형벌의 자기책임원칙에 비추어 보면 위반행위가 발생한 그 업무와 관련하여 법인이 상당한 주의 또는 관리감독 의무를 게을리한 때에 한하여 위 양벌조항이 적용된다고 봄이 상당하며, 구체적인 사안에서 법인이 상당한 주의 또는 관리감독 의무를 게을리하였는지 여부는 당해 위반행위와 관련된 모든 사정, 즉 당해 법률의 입법 취지, 처벌조항 위반으로 예상되는 법익 침해의 정도, 그 위반행위에 관하여 양벌조항을 마련한 취지 등은 물론 위반행위의 구체적인 모습과 그로 인하여 실제 야기된 피해 또는 결과의 정도, 법인의 영업 규모 및 행위자에 대한 감독가능성 또는 구체적인 지휘감독 관계, 법인이 위반행위 방지를 위하여 실제 행한 조치 등을 전체적으로 종합하여 판단하여야 한다. [2] 운전 차량이 제한높이 초과 차량으로 계측된 후 도로관리청 직원으로부터 차량 높이제한의 위반 여부를 확인하기 위한 정지요구를 받고서도 그대로 검문소를 통과하였다는 갑의 행위가 구 도로법(2008. 3. 21. 법률 제8976호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제83조 제1항 제3호 위반죄에 해당한다는 이유만으로, 갑 소속 법인의 주의의무 내용이나 그 위반 여부에 관하여 나아가 살피지 아니하고 같은 법 제86조의 양벌조항에 따라 갑 소속 법인을 처벌한 원심판결에 양벌조항의 사업주 책임에 관한 법리오해 또는 심리미진의 위법이 있다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결 중 피고인 2 주식회사에 관한 부분을 파기하고, 그 부분 사건을 대전지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다. 피고인 1의 상고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed insofar as it concerns Defendant 2 Corporation, and that part of the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the main court of Daejeon District Court. The final appeal of Defendant 1 is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 구 도로법(2008. 3. 21. 법률 제8976호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제54조 제4항(현행 제59조 제4항 참조), 제83조 제1항 제3호(현행 제98조 제1항 제5호 참조), 제86조(현행 제100조 제1항 참조) [2] 구 도로법(2008. 3. 21. 법률 제8976호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제54조 제4항(현행 제59조 제4항 참조), 제83조 제1항 제3호(현행 제98조 제1항 제5호 참조), 제86조(현행 제100조 제1항 참조)

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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