Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime
Whether embezzlement of grants provided for each government project constitutes a single comprehensive offense and the standard for aggregating the amount of gain under the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, July 28, 2011, 2009Do8265 (judgment)
Case name: 부정경쟁방지및영업비밀보호에관한법률위반·업무상배임·특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(횡령)·업무상횡령·사기
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where executives of a company that received grants for nine government projects under separate agreements disposed of the grants contrary to the purpose of the entrustment, may their conduct be regarded as a single comprehensive offense of embezzlement in the course of business and, on that basis, may the amounts embezzled be aggregated and Article 3 (1) of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes be applied?
Holding
The amount of gain under the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes refers to the amount of gain from a single offense or a single comprehensive offense, and does not include the sum of amounts of gain from concurrence of offenses. Unless there are special circumstances binding the individual entrustment relationships into one, separate entrustment relationships are formed for each project, and the unity of the protected legal interest and of the intent is also difficult to recognize. The Supreme Court held that the court below, which treated this as a single comprehensive offense and applied the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes, misapprehended legal principles.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
수개의 업무상횡령 행위가 포괄하여 일죄로 되기 위해서는 피해법익이 단일하고, 범죄의 태양이 동일하며, 단일 범의의 발현에 기인하는 일련의 행위라고 인정되어야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
In order for several acts of embezzlement in the course of business to constitute a single comprehensive offense, the legal interest harmed must be identical, the modus operandi of the crime must be the same, and the acts must be recognized as a series of acts arising from the manifestation of a single criminal intent.
Disposition
Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결 중 피고인 3, 피고인 4에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below with respect to Defendant 3 and Defendant 4 is reversed and the case in this part is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
피해법익이 단일하고, 범죄의 태양이 동일하며, 단일 범의의 발현에 기인하는 일련의 행위라고 인정되어야 한다.
Unofficial English translation
the legal interest harmed must be identical, the modus operandi of the crime must be the same, and the acts must be recognized as a series of acts arising from the manifestation of a single criminal intent.
Factors
- 피해법익이 단일하고
- 범죄의 태양이 동일하며
- 단일 범의의 발현에 기인하는 일련의 행위
- 개별 협약 및 정부출연금 위탁관계를 하나로 묶어 주는 포괄적인 법률관계가 존재하는 등 특별한 사정
- 경합범으로 처벌될 수죄에서 이득액을 합한 금액을 의미하는 것은 아니다
Unofficial English translation
• the legal interest harmed is identical
• the modus operandi of the crime is the same
• a series of acts arising from the manifestation of a single criminal intent
• special circumstances, such as the existence of a comprehensive legal relationship binding together the individual agreements and the relationships of entrustment of the government grants
• it does not mean the amount obtained by adding up the amounts of gain in offenses punishable as concurrent crimes
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2005. 9. 28. 선고 2005도3929 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2005Do3929 decided September 28, 2005
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 1993. 6. 22. 선고 93도743 판결(공1993하, 2193), 대법원 2000. 3. 24. 선고 2000도28 판결(공2000상, 1107), 대법원 2000. 7. 7. 선고 2000도1899 판결(공2000하, 1911) / [2] 대법원 2004. 10. 27. 선고 2003도6738 판결, 대법원 2005. 9. 28. 선고 2005도3929 판결(공2005하, 1731)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Under what circumstances is a comprehensive legal relationship recognized that binds the individual agreements and the entrustment relationships concerning government grants into one?
If the Supreme Court's legal principle on the standard for calculating the amount of gain under Article 3 (1) of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes, or on the requirements for a single comprehensive offense of embezzlement in the course of business, changes, this reading will be re-examined.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
A comparison with an independent reading by another AI lineage (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, showed that 7 of the 8 axes matched, while the readings diverged on Axis 4 (Form of the test).
Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Existing test applied”
Depending on which passage is noted, the reading may be Elements stated if one focuses on the part of the original text enumerating the general requirements of a single comprehensive offense, or Existing test applied if one focuses on the part applying those requirements to the entrustment relationships of the individual projects.
피고인들의 행위는 과제별로 별개인 위탁신임관계를 침해한 것으로서 그로 인한 피해법익이 단일하다고 할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 범의의 단일성도 인정되기 어렵다는 이유로Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below found that all of the grants were based on a single entrustment relationship solely on the grounds that the government-affiliated institutions had all received their duties entrusted by the Minister of Knowledge Economy and that the final authority to approve payment of the government grants also lay with the Minister of Knowledge Economy. Accordingly, it upheld the trial court's determination, which comprehensively treated the embezzlement offenses of Defendant 3 and Defendant 4 as one offense of embezzlement in the course of business and, since the aggregate amount was 500 million won or more, applied Article 3 (1) subparagraph 2 of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes. As for Defendant 1 and Defendant 2, it adopted the trial court's determination and found that the information in this case constituted a trade secret.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court found that separate entrustment relationships were formed for each project, pointing out that the nine projects were agreed upon at different times on the basis of different statutes and regulations, and that the grants were deposited into different accounts for each project and were to be used only for the designated purposes. Consequently, the unity of the protected legal interest and of the intent is difficult to recognize, and there remains a possibility that the amount embezzled for each project falls short of the threshold amount under the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes; the court below therefore misapprehended legal principles, and this affected the judgment. As to the remaining facts charged and because a single sentence had been pronounced for concurrence of offenses, the parts concerning Defendant 3 and Defendant 4 were reversed and remanded in their entirety. The Supreme Court found persuasive the determination on the trade secret as to Defendant 1 and Defendant 2, and dismissed the final appeal.
Distinguishing conditions
- Cases in which a comprehensive legal relationship exists binding the individual agreements and the entrustment relationships concerning the grants into one
- Cases in which funds were repeatedly disposed of in the same manner within a single entrustment relationship with one entrustor
- Cases in which the amount embezzled for each project alone exceeds the threshold amount under Article 3 (1) of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes
Record verification notes
Before contesting the application of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes by denying a single comprehensive offense, one checks the record to confirm whether the parties to the agreements, the underlying statutes and regulations, the project periods, and the grant accounts and purposes were in fact separated by project, and whether there was no comprehensive agreement or integrated management structure binding them into one.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 제1항에서 정한 ‘이득액’의 의미 [2] 수개의 업무상횡령 행위가 ‘포괄일죄’로 되기 위한 요건 [3] 갑 주식회사가 지식경제부 산하 여러 기관들과 각각 다른 시기에 서로 다른 내용의 협약을 체결하여 정부과제사업 9건을 부여받고 각 과제별로 정부출연금을 교부받았는데 갑 회사의 대표이사 또는 자금담당 임원인 피고인들이 위탁 취지에 반하여 자금을 처분한 사안에서, 피고인들의 범행을 업무상횡령죄의 포괄일죄로 보아 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 제1항 제2호를 적용할 수 있다고 본 원심의 조치에 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] The meaning of "amount of gain" as provided in Article 3 (1) of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes [2] The requirements for several acts of embezzlement in the course of business to constitute a "single comprehensive offense" [3] A case in which Company A, having concluded agreements of differing contents with various agencies under the Ministry of Knowledge Economy at different times, was assigned nine government project tasks and received government grants appropriated for each task, and the defendants, who were Company A's representative director or the executive officer in charge of funds, disposed of the funds contrary to the purpose of the entrustment, in which the court below's measure of treating the defendants' offenses as a single comprehensive offense of embezzlement in the course of business and applying subparagraph 2 of Article 3 (1) of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes was held to involve an error of misapprehension of legal principles
Summary of the holding
[1] 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 제1항은 특정재산범죄를 범한 자가 범죄행위로 인하여 취득하거나 제3자로 하여금 취득하게 한 재물 또는 재산상 이익의 가액(이하 ‘이득액’이라 한다)이 5억 원 이상인 때 가중처벌하고 있는데, 여기서 말하는 ‘이득액’은 단순일죄의 이득액이나 혹은 포괄일죄가 성립되는 경우 이득액의 합산액을 의미하고, 경합범으로 처벌될 수죄에서 이득액을 합한 금액을 의미하는 것은 아니다. [2] 수개의 업무상횡령 행위가 포괄하여 일죄로 되기 위해서는 피해법익이 단일하고, 범죄의 태양이 동일하며, 단일 범의의 발현에 기인하는 일련의 행위라고 인정되어야 한다. [3] 갑 주식회사가 지식경제부 산하 여러 기관들과 각각 다른 시기에 서로 다른 내용의 협약을 체결하여 정부과제사업 9건을 부여받고 각 과제별로 정부출연금을 교부받았는데 갑 회사의 대표이사 또는 자금담당 임원으로 정부출연금을 보관하는 지위에 있는 피고인들이 위탁 취지에 반하여 자금을 처분한 사안에서, 위와 같은 개별 협약 및 정부출연금 위탁관계를 하나로 묶어 주는 포괄적인 법률관계가 존재하는 등 특별한 사정이 없는 한 갑 회사와 위 기관들 사이에는 각 과제별로 별개의 정부출연금 위탁관계가 성립한다고 보는 것이 타당하고, 피고인들의 행위는 과제별로 별개인 위탁신임관계를 침해한 것으로서 그로 인한 피해법익이 단일하다고 할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 범의의 단일성도 인정되기 어렵다는 이유로, 이와 달리 정부출연금이 전부 동일한 위탁관계에 기초한 것이라는 전제에서 피고인들의 범행이 포괄하여 1개의 업무상횡령죄에 해당하고 횡령금액의 합계액이 5억 원 이상이므로 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 제1항 제2호를 적용하여 가중처벌할 수 있다고 본 원심의 조치에 포괄일죄의 성립요건에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
원심판결 중 피고인 3, 피고인 4에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 피고인 1, 피고인 2의 상고를 모두 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below with respect to Defendant 3 and Defendant 4 is reversed and the case in this part is remanded to the Seoul High Court. All appeals by Defendant 1 and Defendant 2 are dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 형법 제37조, 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 제1항 [2] 형법 제37조, 제355조 제1항, 제356조 [3] 형법 제30조, 제355조 제1항, 제356조, 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 제1항 제2호
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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