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Open Decision Ledger · Criminal & investigative procedure

Admissibility of evidence of the results of a blood-alcohol test conducted at the suspect's request following an unlawful forcible taking into custody

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Mar. 14, 2013, 2010Do2094 (judgment)

Case name: 도로교통법위반(음주운전)

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    May the results of a blood-alcohol measurement taken at the suspect's own request, after a breath test was administered while the suspect was unlawfully held in custody, be used as evidence supporting a guilty finding?

  2. Holding

    Unless other circumstances intervene such that the effect of the unlawful state of arrest is completely excluded and the freedom of decision-making is definitively secured, the causal link is not severed and the results may not be used as evidence. The same applies even if the defendant or defense counsel consented to their use as evidence.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    그 사이에 위법한 체포 상태에 의한 영향이 완전하게 배제되고 피의자의 의사결정의 자유가 확실하게 보장되었다고 볼 만한 다른 사정이 개입되지 않은 이상 불법체포와 증거수집 사이의 인과관계가 단절된 것으로 볼 수는 없다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Unless other circumstances have intervened such that the effects of the unlawful arrest have been completely eliminated and the suspect's freedom of decision-making has been assuredly guaranteed, the causation between the unlawful arrest and the collection of evidence cannot be regarded as severed.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 전주지방법원 본원 합의부로 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed and the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the main office of the Jeonju District Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    인과관계가 단절된 것으로 평가할 수 있는 예외적인 경우에는 이를 유죄 인정의 증거로 사용할 수 있다.

    Unofficial English translation

    In exceptional cases where it can be assessed that the causation has been severed, it may be used as evidence supporting a guilty finding.
  5. Factors

    • 적법절차 위반행위의 내용과 경위 및 그 관련 사정
    • 그 행위의 위법 요소가 제거 내지 배제되었다고 볼 만한 다른 사정이 개입됨으로써
    • 피의자의 심적 상태 또한 강제연행 상태로부터 완전히 벗어났다고 볼 수 없는 상황
    • 피고인이나 변호인이 이를 증거로 함에 동의하였다고 하여도 달리 볼 것은 아니다

    Unofficial English translation

    • The content and circumstances of the act violating due process and the related circumstances

    • By the intervention of other circumstances warranting the view that the unlawful elements of the act have been removed or excluded

    • The situation in which the suspect's state of mind also cannot be regarded as having completely escaped the state of forcible restraint

    • Even where the defendant or the defense counsel consents to the use thereof as evidence, the same conclusion applies

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2007. 11. 15. 선고 2007도3061 전원합의체 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2007Do3061 decided November 15, 2007, en banc judgment

    Decisions referred to

    [2] 대법원 2007. 11. 15. 선고 2007도3061 전원합의체 판결(공2007하, 1974), 대법원 2009. 4. 23. 선고 2009도526 판결(공2009상, 804), 대법원 2012. 12. 13. 선고 2012도11162 판결(공2013상, 205)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    What circumstances must intervene before it can be assessed that the effect of the unlawful state of arrest has been completely excluded and the suspect's freedom of decision-making has been definitively secured?

    If an en banc judgment on the legal principle of consent to evidence under Article 308-2 or Article 318 of the Criminal Procedure Act is newly handed down, this reading will be checked again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

A comparison with an independent reading by another line of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, showed agreement on 7 of the 8 axes, and the readings diverged on Axis 4 (Form of the test).

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”

Because the original text calls for a comprehensive consideration of the relevant circumstances while presenting severance of causation as a condition for the exceptional recognition of admissibility, the primary reading may focus on the elements, while the independent reading may focus on the method of comprehensive weighing.

증거수집 과정에서 이루어진 적법절차 위반행위의 내용과 경위 및 그 관련 사정을 종합하여 볼 때

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below found the police officers' act of taking the defendant to the police box to be an arrest by force and, even though the procedure under Article 200-5 of the Criminal Procedure Act was not followed, held that the blood alcohol concentration expert report based on the blood draw at the defendant's voluntary will and the report on the apprehension of a drunk driver were admissible as evidence, and therefore found the defendant guilty.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court viewed the forcible taking into custody as an unlawful arrest, and thus held that the breath test results were inadmissible and that the blood test results, too, were derivative evidence collected as an extension of the unlawful arrest. Given the spatial connection and temporal proximity between the forcible taking into custody and the breath test and blood draw, the mere fact that the defendant himself requested the blood draw, notwithstanding the police officers' recommendation that he go home, does not constitute an exception to the severance of causation, and the Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where, at the time of arrest, proper procedures were observed, including notice of the gist of the suspected facts, the reasons for the arrest, and the right to retain counsel, so that the taking into custody itself was not unlawful
  • Where, after sufficient temporal and spatial separation from the state of forcible taking into custody, the suspect consented to a separate blood draw in a free state
  • Where the evidence was collected through an independent course of events unrelated to the unlawful arrest and therefore cannot be regarded as derivative evidence

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, check the records to determine whether the taking into custody was in fact an arrest by force rather than an accompaniment on a voluntary basis, and whether no objective circumstance capable of cutting off the effect of the illegality, such as release or the assistance of counsel, intervened between the breath test and the blood draw.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 적법한 절차를 위반하여 수집한 증거와 이를 기초로 획득한 2차적 증거의 증거능력을 예외적으로 인정할 수 있는 경우 [2] 위법한 강제연행 상태에서 호흡측정 방법에 의한 음주측정이 이루어진 후 강제연행 상태로부터 시간적·장소적으로 단절되었다고 볼 수 없는 상황에서 피의자의 요구에 의하여 이루어진 혈액채취 방법에 의한 음주측정 결과의 증거능력 유무(원칙적 소극) 및 피고인이나 변호인이 이를 증거로 함에 동의한 경우에도 마찬가지인지 여부(적극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Whether the admissibility of evidence collected in violation of due process and of derivative evidence obtained on the basis thereof may exceptionally be recognized [2] Whether the result of a blood test for intoxication conducted at the suspect's request, after a breathalyzer test for intoxication had been administered while the suspect was unlawfully under forcible restraint, in circumstances that cannot be regarded as temporally and spatially severed from the state of forcible restraint, is admissible as evidence (in principle, negative) and whether the same applies even where the defendant or the defense counsel consents to the use thereof as evidence (affirmative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 헌법 제12조 제1항, 제5항, 형사소송법 제200조의5, 제213조의2, 제308조의2를 종합하면, 적법한 절차에 따르지 아니한 위법행위를 기초로 하여 증거가 수집된 경우에는 당해 증거뿐 아니라 그에 터 잡아 획득한 2차적 증거에 대해서도 증거능력은 부정되어야 한다. 다만 위와 같은 위법수집증거 배제의 원칙은 수사과정의 위법행위를 억지함으로써 국민의 기본적 인권을 보장하기 위한 것이므로 적법절차에 위배되는 행위의 영향이 차단되거나 소멸되었다고 볼 수 있는 상태에서 수집한 증거는 그 증거능력을 인정하더라도 적법절차의 실질적 내용에 대한 침해가 일어나지는 않는다 할 것이니 그 증거능력을 부정할 이유는 없다. 따라서 증거수집 과정에서 이루어진 적법절차 위반행위의 내용과 경위 및 그 관련 사정을 종합하여 볼 때 당초의 적법절차 위반행위와 증거수집 행위의 중간에 그 행위의 위법 요소가 제거 내지 배제되었다고 볼 만한 다른 사정이 개입됨으로써 인과관계가 단절된 것으로 평가할 수 있는 예외적인 경우에는 이를 유죄 인정의 증거로 사용할 수 있다. [2] 위법한 강제연행 상태에서 호흡측정 방법에 의한 음주측정을 한 다음 강제연행 상태로부터 시간적·장소적으로 단절되었다고 볼 수도 없고 피의자의 심적 상태 또한 강제연행 상태로부터 완전히 벗어났다고 볼 수 없는 상황에서 피의자가 호흡측정 결과에 대한 탄핵을 하기 위하여 스스로 혈액채취 방법에 의한 측정을 할 것을 요구하여 혈액채취가 이루어졌다고 하더라도 그 사이에 위법한 체포 상태에 의한 영향이 완전하게 배제되고 피의자의 의사결정의 자유가 확실하게 보장되었다고 볼 만한 다른 사정이 개입되지 않은 이상 불법체포와 증거수집 사이의 인과관계가 단절된 것으로 볼 수는 없다. 따라서 그러한 혈액채취에 의한 측정 결과 역시 유죄 인정의 증거로 쓸 수 없다고 보아야 한다. 그리고 이는 수사기관이 위법한 체포 상태를 이용하여 증거를 수집하는 등의 행위를 효과적으로 억지하기 위한 것이므로, 피고인이나 변호인이 이를 증거로 함에 동의하였다고 하여도 달리 볼 것은 아니다.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 전주지방법원 본원 합의부로 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed and the case is remanded to the collegiate panel of the main office of the Jeonju District Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 헌법 제12조 제1항, 제5항, 형사소송법 제200조의5, 제213조의2, 제308조의2 [2] 헌법 제12조 제5항, 형사소송법 제200조의5, 제308조의2, 제318조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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