Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime
Assessment of Property Damage from a Legally Void Act of Breach of Trust and Whether Establishing a Maximum Amount Mortgage in Abuse of Representative Authority Constitutes the Crime of Occupational Breach of Trust
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Feb. 23, 2012, 2011Do15857 (judgment)
Case name: 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(횡령)·특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임)(피고인1에대하여일부인정된죄명:업무상배임)·증거위조교사·특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(증재등)·특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(수재등)
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where an act of breach of trust by a de facto manager is legally void, is the crime of occupational breach of trust still established on the ground that the act created a risk of actual financial loss to the company?
Holding
Property damage is understood from an economic rather than a legal perspective, so even if the act is void, the offense of breach of trust arises where the act has created the risk of actual loss. The Supreme Court found that the set-off against the fictitious tree purchase price claim fell within that category, but held that, where the counterparty knew of the abuse of representative authority, the maximum amount mortgage, which was later cancelled, caused neither damage nor any risk thereof.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
법률적 판단에 의하여 당해 배임행위가 무효라 하더라도 경제적 관점에서 파악하여 배임행위로 인하여 본인에게 현실적인 손해를 가하였거나 재산상 실해 발생의 위험을 초래한 경우에는 재산상의 손해를 가한 때에 해당되어 배임죄를 구성한다.
Unofficial English translation
Even if the act of breach of trust in question is void by legal judgment, where, as ascertained from an economic perspective, the act of breach of trust has inflicted actual harm on the principal or has caused the risk of actual harm to property, this falls under the time when harm to property is inflicted and constitutes the offense of breach of trust.
Disposition
Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
This part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
Form of the test
Existing test applied Read from the decision
업무상배임죄가 성립한다고 본 원심판결에 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
A case where the judgment of the court below, holding that the crime of occupational breach of trust was established, was found to involve an error of misapprehension of legal principles
Factors
- 현실적인 손해를 가한 경우뿐만 아니라 재산상 실해 발생의 위험을 초래한 경우도 포함되고
- 법률적 판단에 의하지 아니하고 경제적 관점에서 파악하여야 하며
- 근저당권 설정행위는 대표권 남용행위로서 무효이므로
- 사용자책임이나 법인의 불법행위 등에 따른 손해배상의무도 부담할 여지가 없고
- 근저당권이 그 후 해지를 원인으로 말소되어
Unofficial English translation
• it includes not only the case where actual harm is inflicted but also the case where the risk of actual harm to property is caused, and
• it must be ascertained from an economic perspective and not by legal judgment, and
• the act of setting the maximum amount mortgage is void as an act of abuse of representative authority, and
• there is no room to bear even a duty to pay damages arising from the employer's liability or the tort of a corporation, and
• the maximum amount mortgage was removed from the register on the ground of a subsequent termination, and
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2005. 9. 29. 선고 2003도4890 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2003Do4890 decided September 29, 2005
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2005. 9. 29. 선고 2003도4890 판결 (공2005하, 1739)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Where the counterparty to the establishment of the maximum amount mortgage did not know of the circumstances of abuse of representative authority, or where the maximum amount mortgage remains uncancelled, at what point in time and by what standard should the risk of actual loss be assessed?
We will re-examine this reading if Supreme Court precedent on the effect of acts abusing representative authority, or on property damage and the time of completion of the offense of breach of trust, changes.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
8 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
When compared with an independent reading by another AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the initial reading, all eight axes matched.
Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below found guilty the portion concerning the set-off of the fictitious tree purchase price claim against the company's short-term claim of KRW 3 billion against the defendant, holding that even if the set-off was legally void, the risk of actual loss to the company existed. As to the portion concerning the completion of the registration establishing a maximum amount mortgage with a maximum claim amount of KRW 6 billion in the name of Non-indicted 14 over real property owned by the company, it held in part guilty, reasoning that although there may be room to regard the act of establishment as void, where the registration of the maximum amount mortgage had been completed beyond the incurring of the debt obligation, the risk of actual loss had been brought about.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court accepted the determination of the court below as to the set-off portion. As to the maximum amount mortgage portion, however, it held that Non-indicted 14 knew full well that the purpose was to secure personal debt, that the act of establishment was void as an abuse of representative authority, that there was no room for the company to bear liability in the nature of employer's liability or the duty to pay damages arising from the tort of a corporation, and that the maximum amount mortgage had been cancelled on the ground of termination as of May 3, 2011, with no material showing that the cancellation was accompanied by a contribution of the company's property; on these grounds it denied any damage or risk of actual loss and reversed for misapprehension of legal principles. It also reversed together the remaining guilty portions standing in a relation of concurrence of offenses with this portion, and the portions found not guilty on the merits that stood in a relation of a single offense or a single comprehensive offense, and it dismissed the final appeal of Defendant 2.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the counterparty who received the security interest did not know of the circumstances of abuse of representative authority, so that there is room for the company to bear liability arising from the validity of the act of establishment, employer's liability, or the like
- Where the maximum amount mortgage has not been cancelled, or where its cancellation was accompanied by a contribution of the company's property
- Where, as with set-off against a fictitious claim, even though the act is void, an appearance has arisen through accounting treatment that a company claim has been extinguished, creating the risk that recovery will become difficult
Record verification notes
Before denying damage on the ground of legal nullity, one must first check whether the counterparty acted in bad faith, whether there is room for the company to bear a duty to pay damages, and the appearance remaining from the registration or accounting treatment, the circumstances of its removal, and whether any property was contributed.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 배임죄의 성립요건인 ‘손해를 가한 때’의 의미 [2] 갑 주식회사의 실질적 경영자인 피고인이 자신의 개인사업체가 갑 회사에 수목을 매도하였다는 허위의 매매계약을 체결하고 그 매매대금 채권과 갑 회사의 피고인에 대한 채권을 상계처리한 사안에서, 상계가 법률상 무효라고 하더라도 갑 회사에 재산상 실해 발생의 위험이 초래되었다고 보아 업무상배임죄가 성립한다고 본 원심판단을 수긍한 사례 [3] 갑 주식회사의 실질적 경영자인 피고인이 자신의 개인채무를 담보하기 위하여 갑 회사 소유 부동산에 을 앞으로 근저당권설정등기를 마침으로써 갑 회사에 재산상 손해를 가하였다는 내용으로 기소된 사안에서, 갑 회사에 재산상 손해가 발생하였다거나 재산상 실해 발생의 위험이 초래된 것으로 볼 수 없는데도, 이와 달리 업무상배임죄가 성립한다고 본 원심판결에 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] Meaning of 'the time when harm is inflicted' as a requirement for establishing the offense of breach of trust [2] A case where the defendant, the de facto manager of Company A, entered into a fictitious sales contract under which his sole proprietorship sold trees to Company A and set off the sales price claim against Company A's claim against the defendant, and where the judgment of the court below, holding that even if the set-off is legally void, the crime of occupational breach of trust is established on the ground that the risk of actual harm to Company A's property was caused, was affirmed [3] A case where the defendant, the de facto manager of Company A, was indicted on the charge of having inflicted property damage on Company A by having a maximum amount mortgage registered in the name of B over real estate owned by Company A in order to secure his personal debts, and where the judgment of the court below, holding that the crime of occupational breach of trust was established, was found to involve an error of misapprehension of legal principles, inasmuch as it cannot be regarded that any property damage was inflicted on Company A or that the risk of actual harm to its property was caused
Summary of the holding
[1] 배임죄에 있어 재산상의 손해를 가한 때라 함은 현실적인 손해를 가한 경우뿐만 아니라 재산상 실해 발생의 위험을 초래한 경우도 포함되고, 재산상 손해의 유무에 대한 판단은 본인의 전 재산 상태와의 관계에서 법률적 판단에 의하지 아니하고 경제적 관점에서 파악하여야 하며, 따라서 법률적 판단에 의하여 당해 배임행위가 무효라 하더라도 경제적 관점에서 파악하여 배임행위로 인하여 본인에게 현실적인 손해를 가하였거나 재산상 실해 발생의 위험을 초래한 경우에는 재산상의 손해를 가한 때에 해당되어 배임죄를 구성한다. [2] 갑 주식회사의 실질적 경영자인 피고인이 자신의 개인사업체가 갑 회사에 골프장 조경용 수목을 매도하였다는 허위의 매매계약을 체결하고 그 매매대금 채권과 갑 회사의 피고인에 대한 채권을 상계처리한 사안에서, 피고인의 수목 매매대금 채권이 존재하지 아니하여 상계가 법률상 무효라고 하더라도 갑 회사에 재산상 실해 발생의 위험이 초래되었다고 보아 업무상배임죄가 성립한다고 본 원심판단을 수긍한 사례. [3] 갑 주식회사의 실질적 경영자인 피고인이 자신의 개인채무를 담보하기 위하여 갑 회사 소유 부동산에 을 앞으로 근저당권설정등기를 마침으로써 갑 회사에 재산상 손해를 가하였다는 내용으로 기소된 사안에서, 을은 피고인이 개인채무를 담보하기 위하여 근저당권을 설정한다는 사정을 잘 알고 있어서 근저당권 설정행위는 대표권 남용행위로서 무효이므로 갑 회사는 을에 대하여 무효인 근저당권에 기한 채무는 물론 사용자책임이나 법인의 불법행위 등에 따른 손해배상의무도 부담할 여지가 없고, 근저당권이 그 후 해지를 원인으로 말소되어, 피고인의 근저당권 설정행위로 말미암아 갑 회사에 재산상 손해가 발생하였다거나 재산상 실해 발생의 위험이 초래된 것으로 볼 수 없는데도, 이와 달리 업무상배임죄가 성립한다고 본 원심판결에 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례.
Order
피고인 1에 대한 원심판결 중 공소외 1 주식회사에 대한 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 위반(배임)의 점, 공소외 2 상호저축은행에 대한 2004. 4. 30. 및 2005. 7. 15. 각 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 위반(배임)의 점과 2010. 9.경 증거위조교사의 점을 제외한 나머지 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 피고인 2의 상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below against Defendant 1 is reversed and remanded as to the remaining portion, excluding the points of violation of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes (breach of trust) against Non-indicted 1 Co., Ltd., the points of violation of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes (breach of trust) against Non-indicted 2 Mutual Savings Bank on April 30, 2004 and July 15, 2005, respectively, and the point of solicitation of forgery of evidence around September 2010, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The appeal of Defendant 2 is dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조 [2] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조, 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 제1항 [3] 형법 제355조 제2항, 제356조, 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 제1항
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