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Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance

Liability for Damages for Unfair Trading and the Standard for Determining Price Fixing by a Hedge Trader Who Affected the Closing Price on the Reference Date of an Equity-Linked Security

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Mar. 24, 2016, 2013Da2740 (judgment)

Case name: 상환원리금등

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where a person who entered into a swap agreement with the issuer of an equity-linked security sold a large quantity of the underlying shares on the reference date and thereby frustrated the fulfillment of the redemption conditions, may that person avoid liability for damages arising from market manipulation or unfair trading merely on the ground that the transactions were delta hedging?

  2. Holding

    A person who, by transacting in financial investment products linked to the issuer, such as a swap agreement, acquires interests adverse to investors is also included among those who may engage in unfair trading. The Supreme Court held that delta hedging is merely a risk-hedging technique, so whether the transactions constitute market manipulation or unfair trading must be re-examined in light of the motive and manner of the transactions, and that the mere existence of a risk-hedging purpose does not warrant a different conclusion.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    발행인과 스와프계약 등 금융투자상품과 연계된 다른 금융투자상품을 거래하여 권리행사나 조건성취와 관련하여 투자자와 대립되는 이해관계를 가지게 된 자도 포함된다.

    Unofficial English translation

    A person who trades other financial investment products linked to financial investment products, such as a swap agreement, with the issuer, and who has an interest adverse to that of the investor in relation to the exercise of rights or the satisfaction of conditions, is also included.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    권리행사나 조건성취와 관련하여 투자자와 대립되는 이해관계를 가지게 된 자도 포함된다.

    Unofficial English translation

    A person who has an interest adverse to that of the investor in relation to the exercise of rights or the satisfaction of conditions is also included.
  5. Factors

    • 증권 등의 성격과 발행된 증권 등의 총수
    • 가격 및 거래량의 동향
    • 거래의 경제적 합리성과 공정성
    • 시장관여율의 정도
    • 지속적인 종가관리 등 거래의 동기와 태양

    Unofficial English translation

    • The nature of the securities, etc. and the total number of securities, etc. issued

    • Trends in price and trading volume

    • The economic rationality and fairness of the transactions

    • The degree of the market participation ratio

    • The motive and manner of the transactions, such as continuous closing-price management

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2015. 4. 9.자 2013마1052, 1053 결정

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2013Ma1052, 1053 decided April 9, 2015

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2015. 4. 9.자 2013마1052, 1053 결정(공2015상, 682) / [2] 대법원 2004. 10. 28. 선고 2002도3131 판결(공2004하, 1980), 대법원 2015. 6. 11. 선고 2014도11280 판결(공2015하, 1008)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Up to what point may sales of the underlying asset pursuant to delta hedging be recognized as ordinary risk-hedging transactions that do not constitute market manipulation or unfair trading?

    This reading will be re-examined if Article 176(3), Article 178, or Article 179 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act is amended, or if subsequent case law emerges on whether hedge transactions on the reference date constitute market manipulation.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

When compared with an independent reading made by another AI lineage (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the initial reading, 6 of the 8 axes matched, while the readings diverged on Axis 2 (Holding) and Axis 4 (Form of the test).

Axis 2 (Holding): Primary “A person who, by transacting in financial investment products linked to the issuer, such as a swap agreement, acquires interests adverse to investors is also included among those who may engage in unfair trading. The Supreme Court held that delta hedging is merely a risk-hedging technique, so whether the transactions constitute market manipulation or unfair trading must be re-examined in light of the motive and manner of the transactions, and that the mere existence of a risk-hedging purpose does not warrant a different conclusion.” vs Independent “A person who, through transactions in linked products, acquires interests adverse to investors is also included among those who engage in unfair trading. Whether there was a price-fixing purpose is determined by weighing the indirect facts concerning the motive and form of the transactions, and if loss is caused by unlawful price fixing, the person bears liability in tort (unlawful act) within the scope of adequate causation (proximate cause), even where the underlying asset is a security.”

The answers are the same as to the scope of actors, but the initial reading answers that liability cannot be avoided on the ground of a risk-hedging purpose alone, whereas the independent reading answers with the comprehensive determination of the price-fixing purpose and the scope of compensation under adequate causation (proximate cause).

발행인과 스와프계약 등 금융투자상품과 연계된 다른 금융투자상품을 거래하여 권리행사나 조건성취와 관련하여 투자자와 대립되는 이해관계를 가지게 된 자도 포함된다.

Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Circumstances weighed”

If one focuses on the fact that the text states the meaning of price fixing and the decision factors, it can be read as Elements stated; if one focuses on the fact that it calls for a comprehensive consideration of various indirect facts, it can be read as Circumstances weighed.

거래의 동기와 태양 등의 간접사실을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단한다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: Although the court below acknowledged that the defendant's sales of shares affected the closing price on the reference date, it found no intent to manipulate the market and dismissed the plaintiffs' claims, citing the circumstances that the defendant had endeavored to hold a quantity corresponding to the delta value up until the reference date; that around the reference date the defendant was in the course of selling its entire holding in accordance with the delta value; and that during the connected-trading time period it attempted to sell in a dispersed manner at prices approximating the immediately preceding execution price.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court, viewing delta hedging as merely a risk-hedging technique of a financial investment business operator, reversed and remanded on the ground that the court below had misapprehended the legal principle, holding that the transactions may be regarded as market manipulation or unfair trading in light of the motive to lower the closing price near the reference price; the manner of placing large sell orders at market price whenever the expected execution price exceeded the reference price during the afternoon and the single-price trading session; and the high rate of sell participation.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Cases in which the price of the underlying asset is far removed from the redemption reference price, leaving no room for the actor's transactions to affect the exercise of rights or the fulfillment of conditions
  • Cases in which the actor is a mere market participant who does not transact in linkage with the issuer and therefore does not have interests adverse to investors
  • Cases in which the sales on the reference date are dispersed throughout the entire trading session, and the rate of market participation or the proportion of low-priced orders during the closing price period is not conspicuous, so that no circumstances indicating management of the closing price appear

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, one should first confirm the timing and method of orders during the closing price period on the reference date, the rate of sell participation, how fluctuations in the expected execution price interacted with the reference price, and whether the quantity sold matches the normal hedging quantity based on the delta value.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호, 제179조 제1항에서 손해배상책임을 지는 부정거래행위자에 금융투자상품과 연계된 다른 금융투자상품을 거래하여 권리행사나 조건성취와 관련하여 투자자와 대립되는 이해관계를 가지게 된 자가 포함되는지 여부(적극) [2] 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제176조 제3항에서 정한 상장증권 등의 ‘시세를 고정’시킨다는 것의 의미 및 시세고정 목적의 행위인지 판단하는 기준 / 상장증권 등의 시세를 고정시켜 타인에게 손해를 입힌 경우, 민법 제750조의 불법행위책임을 지는지 여부(적극) 및 이러한 법리가 금융투자상품의 기초자산인 증권의 시세를 고정시켜 타인에게 손해를 가한 경우에도 마찬가지로 적용되는지 여부(적극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Whether a person who trades other financial investment products linked to financial investment products, thereby having an interest adverse to that of the investor in relation to the exercise of rights or the satisfaction of conditions, is included among those who bear liability for damages for unfair trading under Article 178, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 and Article 179, paragraph (1) of the former Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (affirmative) [2] The meaning of "fixing the market price" of listed securities, etc. as provided in Article 176, paragraph (3) of the former Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, and the criteria for determining whether an act is aimed at fixing the market price / Whether a person who fixes the market price of listed securities, etc. and thereby causes damage to another bears liability for tort under Article 750 of the Civil Act (affirmative), and whether the same legal principle applies equally where a person causes damage to another by fixing the market price of securities that are the underlying assets of a financial investment product (affirmative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률(2013. 5. 28. 법률 제11845호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘자본시장법’이라 한다) 제178조 제1항 제1호, 제179조 제1항에서 시세조종행위 등 사회통념상 부정하다고 인정되는 수단이나 기교 등을 사용한 자로서 금융투자상품의 거래와 관련하여 입은 손해를 배상할 책임을 지는 부정거래행위자에는, 금융투자상품의 거래에 관여한 발행인이나 판매인뿐 아니라, 발행인과 스와프계약 등 금융투자상품과 연계된 다른 금융투자상품을 거래하여 권리행사나 조건성취와 관련하여 투자자와 대립되는 이해관계를 가지게 된 자도 포함된다. [2] 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률(2013. 5. 28. 법률 제11845호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘자본시장법’이라 한다) 제176조 제3항은 ‘상장증권 또는 장내파생상품의 시세를 고정시키거나 안정시킬 목적으로 그 증권 또는 장내파생상품에 관한 일련의 매매 또는 그 위탁이나 수탁을 하는 행위’를 금지하고 있다. 여기서 상장증권 등의 ‘시세를 고정’시킨다는 것은 본래 정상적인 수요·공급에 따라 자유경쟁시장에서 형성될 증권 등의 시세에 시장요인에 의하지 아니한 다른 요인으로 인위적인 조작을 가하여 시세를 형성 및 고정시키거나 이미 형성된 시세를 고정시키는 것을 말하는 것으로서, 시세고정 목적의 행위인지는 증권 등의 성격과 발행된 증권 등의 총수, 가격 및 거래량의 동향, 전후의 거래상황, 거래의 경제적 합리성과 공정성, 시장관여율의 정도, 지속적인 종가관리 등 거래의 동기와 태양 등의 간접사실을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단한다. 따라서 자본시장법 제176조 제3항을 위반하여 상장증권의 매매 등에 의하여 시세를 고정시킴으로써 타인에게 손해를 입힌 경우에 상당인과관계가 있는 범위 내에서는 민법 제750조의 불법행위책임을 지며, 이러한 법리는 금융투자상품의 기초자산인 증권의 시세를 고정시켜 타인에게 손해를 가한 경우에도 마찬가지로 적용된다.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률(2013. 5. 28. 법률 제11845호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제178조 제1항 제1호, 제179조 제1항 [2] 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률(2013. 5. 28. 법률 제11845호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제176조 제3항, 민법 제750조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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