Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance
Whether Recommendations by Investment Advisers, etc. Involving Prior Purchases and Failure to Disclose a Conflict of Interest (Scalping) Constitute Unfair Trading or Deception
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Mar. 30, 2017, 2014Do6910 (judgment)
Case name: 자본시장과금융투자업에관한법률위반
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
If an investment adviser, etc. purchases and holds securities in advance and recommends a purchase without disclosing the interest that the securities may be sold after the recommendation, does this constitute the use of unfair means, etc. under Article 178, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and the use of deception under paragraph (2) of the same Article?
Holding
The Supreme Court viewed such conduct as constituting the use of unfair means, plans, or devices under Article 178, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1. It further held that, by omitting the disclosure of a personal interest, which is an important matter, thereby creating the impression that the recommendation is made from an objective motive and inducing transactions, the conduct also constitutes the use of deception under paragraph (2) of the same Article.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
투자자들의 오해를 초래하지 않기 위하여 필요한 중요사항인 개인적인 이해관계의 표시를 누락함으로써 투자자들에게 객관적인 동기에서 그 증권을 추천한다는 인상을 주어 거래를 유인하려는 행위로서 같은 법 제178조 제2항에서 정한
Unofficial English translation
by omitting the indication of a personal interest, which is an important matter necessary in order not to cause misunderstanding on the part of investors, thereby giving investors the impression that the security is being recommended from an objective motive and seeking to induce transactions, as an act prescribed in Article 178 (2) of the same Act
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The appeal is dismissed.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
그 증권에 관한 자신의 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위는 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 말하는
Unofficial English translation
an act of recommending the purchase of a security without indicating one's own interest in that security is the act referred to in Article 178 (1) 1 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act
Factors
- 추천하는 증권을 자신이 선행매수하여 보유하고 있고 추천 후에 이를 매도할 수도 있다는
- 그 증권에 관한 자신의 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채
- 추천에 따라 투자 판단을 하려는 합리적인 투자자가 중요하게 고려할 상당한 개연성이 있는 사항
- 개인적인 이해관계의 표시를 누락함으로써
Unofficial English translation
• that it has purchased in advance and holds the security it recommends and that it may sell it after the recommendation
• without indicating its own interest in that security
• a matter that a reasonable investor seeking to make an investment judgment on the basis of the recommendation has a substantial likelihood of considering important
• by omitting the indication of a personal interest,
Relation to precedent
States a new standard Read from the decision
이른바 스캘핑(scalping) 행위를 하는 경우
Unofficial English translation
in cases where so-called scalping is conducted
Decisions referred to
None listed
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
To what extent, and in what manner, must an investment adviser, etc. disclose the fact of the prior purchase and the possibility of a sale so that the conduct does not constitute unfair means or the use of deception?
If Article 178, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 or paragraph (2) of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, or the rules on disclosure of interests when making investment recommendations, are amended, this reading will be re-examined.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
When compared with an independent reading by another AI in the same family (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, 6 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on axis 5 (Factors) and axis 6 (Relation to precedent).
Axis 5 (Factors): Primary “That the recommender has purchased the securities being recommended in advance and holds them, and may sell them after the recommendation / without disclosing the recommender's own interest in those securities / a matter of considerable likelihood that a reasonable investor seeking to make an investment decision based on the recommendation would consider important / by omitting the disclosure of a personal interest” vs Independent “Participants' trust in fair competition in the capital market is impaired / incentives to produce and consume high-quality information are reduced / the motive for the recommendation, which may affect the objectivity of the recommendation's content / a matter of considerable likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider important / the misconception that the securities are recommended from an objective motive without any personal interest”
The primary reading emphasized the prior purchase, the possibility of a sale, and the failure to disclose the interest, while the independent reading emphasized market trust, incentives to produce information, and the motive for the recommendation, so the common elements do not reach half.
투자자들의 오해를 초래하지 않기 위하여 필요한 중요사항인 개인적인 이해관계의 표시를 누락함으로써 투자자들에게 객관적인 동기에서 그 증권을 추천한다는 인상을 주어 거래를 유인하려는 행위로서 같은 법 제178조 제2항에서 정한Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Cannot be determined”
Because the original text demonstrates the harms of scalping and the need to disclose interests, it may be read as setting a new standard, but because it does not specify the relation to earlier precedent, it may also be read as 'Cannot be determined'.
이른바 스캘핑(scalping) 행위를 하는 경우Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below found that the defendant, working as an analyst on a securities broadcast, from April 8, 2010 to January 22, 2013 purchased shares in advance through accounts in others' names before the broadcast on 117 occasions as to 90 issues, recommended them on the broadcast while concealing the fact of holding them, and sold them immediately after the broadcast or within several days, and determined that this constituted the use of unfair means, etc. under Article 178, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 and the use of deception under paragraph (2). It affirmed the calculation of unjust enrichment by the court of first instance, which multiplied the quantity of matched purchases and sales around the broadcast by the difference between the average selling price and the average purchase price and deducted transaction costs and taxes, and rejected the defendant's argument to exclude the price increases before the broadcast and the price increases occurring after three days from the transaction date.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court, citing the harm that scalping inflicts on market trust and the importance of the motive for a recommendation, set out the legal principle that a recommendation made without disclosure of an interest constitutes both the use of unfair means, etc. and the use of deception, and accepted the holding of the court below as it stood. Stating that the profit gained from the violation is one for which causation with the risk arising from the violation is recognized, it also found the court below's method of calculation and the additional collection (confiscation of criminal proceeds) to be proper, and dismissed the final appeal.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the recommender recommended the securities in a state in which the recommender had disclosed to the investor the fact of holding the securities through a prior purchase and the possibility of selling them after the recommendation
- Where there was no purchase for the recommender's own account immediately before the recommendation, or where the securities had been held on a long-term basis irrespective of the recommendation and were not sold shortly after the recommendation
- Where the statement is a private expression of opinion by a person who is not in a position that commands trust in the content of the recommendation, such as an investment adviser, securities analyst, or member of the press
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, check whether the sequence of the purchase, the recommendation, and the sale, and whether an interest was disclosed, can be confirmed from the record, and whether there is room for dispute over the portion of price fluctuations in the calculation of unjust enrichment that bears no causal connection to the recommendation.
From the official text
Points at issue
투자자문업자 등이, 추천하는 증권을 자신이 선행매수하여 보유하고 있고 추천 후에 이를 매도할 수도 있다는 그 증권에 관한 자신의 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위가 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 말하는 ‘부정한 수단, 계획, 기교를 사용하는 행위’ 및 같은 조 제2항에서 정한 ‘위계의 사용’에 해당하는지 여부(적극)
Unofficial English translation
Whether an act of an investment advisor, among others, recommending the purchase of a security without indicating its own interest in that security, namely that it has purchased and holds that security in advance and may sell it after the recommendation, constitutes an “act of using unjust means, schemes, or artifices” as provided in Article 178 (1) 1 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and “the use of deception” as prescribed in paragraph (2) of the same Article (affirmative)
Summary of the holding
투자자문업자, 증권분석가, 언론매체 종사자, 투자 관련 웹사이트 운영자 등(이하 ‘투자자문업자 등’이라고 한다)이 특정 증권을 장기투자로 추천하기 직전에 자신의 계산으로 그 증권을 매수한 다음, 추천 후 그 증권의 시장가격이 상승할 때에 즉시 차익을 남기고 매도하는 이른바 스캘핑(scalping) 행위를 하는 경우, 그 행위가 명백하게 거짓인 정보를 시장에 흘리는 방법으로 특정 증권을 추천하는 것이라면 이는 정상적인 자본의 흐름을 왜곡시켜 자본시장의 공정성과 효율성을 해침은 물론이다. 또한 그 증권 자체에 관한 정보는 거짓이 아니어서 자본의 흐름을 왜곡시키는 것은 아니라도, 이러한 스캘핑 행위가 용인되면 자본시장에서의 공정한 경쟁에 대한 시장참여자들의 신뢰가 훼손되고 시장 내의 각종 투자 관련 조언행위가 평가절하됨으로써, 양질의 정보를 생산하고 소비하려는 유인이 감소하여 자본시장에서의 자원배분의 효율성을 해치고 투자자들이 자본시장으로부터 이탈하는 결과를 가져올 수 있다. 또한 특정 증권을 추천하기 직전에 그 증권을 매수한 투자자문업자 등은 장기적 가격상승의 잠재력이 아니라 추천으로 예상되는 투자자들의 행동에 따른 단기적 가격상승 가능성 때문에 의식적으로 또는 무의식적으로 그 증권을 추천할 유인이 생길 수 있고, 추천내용의 객관성에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 추천의 동기는 추천에 따라 투자 판단을 하려는 합리적인 투자자가 중요하게 고려할 상당한 개연성이 있는 사항에 해당하므로, 특정 증권을 추천하기 전에 자신의 계산으로 그 증권을 매수한 투자자문업자 등이 그 증권에 관한 자신의 이해관계를 공시하지 않고 추천하면 상대방에게 개인적인 이해관계 없이 객관적인 동기에서 그 증권을 추천한다는 오해를 초래할 수 있다. 위와 같은 제반 사정을 고려하면, 투자자문업자 등이 추천하는 증권을 자신이 선행매수하여 보유하고 있고 추천 후에 이를 매도할 수도 있다는 그 증권에 관한 자신의 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위는 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 말하는 ‘부정한 수단, 계획, 기교를 사용하는 행위’에 해당하는 한편, 투자자들의 오해를 초래하지 않기 위하여 필요한 중요사항인 개인적인 이해관계의 표시를 누락함으로써 투자자들에게 객관적인 동기에서 그 증권을 추천한다는 인상을 주어 거래를 유인하려는 행위로서 같은 법 제178조 제2항에서 정한 ‘위계의 사용’에도 해당한다.
Order
상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The appeal is dismissed.
Provisions referred to
자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호, 제2항, 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률(2013. 5. 28. 법률 제11845호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제443조 제1항 제8호, 제9호
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.
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