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Open Decision Ledger · Rehabilitation & bankruptcy

The Bankruptcy Trustee's Assumption of a Creditor Revocation Action Filed After a Declaration of Bankruptcy and the Exclusive Jurisdiction over an Action to Deny

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, June 15, 2018, 2017Da265129 (judgment)

Case name: 사해행위취소등

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where, after a declaration of bankruptcy, a bankruptcy trustee assumes at first instance a creditor revocation action filed by a bankruptcy claimant and converts it into an action to deny, which court must hear that lawsuit?

  2. Holding

    After a declaration of bankruptcy, a bankruptcy claimant's creditor revocation action is procedurally improper, but the bankruptcy trustee may assume it and, by amending the claim, exercise the right of avoidance; if it was converted into an action to deny at first instance, the exclusive jurisdiction of the court in which the bankruptcy proceeding is pending applies. The Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below, which had dismissed the amended action to deny, vacated the judgment of the first-instance court, and transferred the case to the court with jurisdiction.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    제1심법원에 계속 중이던 채권자취소소송을 파산관재인이 수계하여 부인의 소로 변경한 경우에는 채무자회생법 제396조 제3항이 적용된다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Where the bankruptcy trustee took over a creditor revocation action pending before the court of first instance and changed it into an action for avoidance, Article 396 (3) of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act applies.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and rendered by the Supreme Court Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 제1심판결을 취소한다. 사건을 광주지방법원으로 이송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the judgment of the court of first instance is vacated. The case is transferred to the Gwangju District Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    파산관재인은 이러한 소송을 수계한 다음 청구변경의 방법으로 부인권을 행사할 수 있다고 보아야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The bankruptcy trustee should be regarded as being able, after taking over such lawsuit, to exercise the right of avoidance by means of amending the claim.
  5. Factors

    • 파산절차에 의하지 않고는 파산채권을 행사할 수 없는 파산채권자가 개별적 강제집행을 전제로 개별 채권에 대한 책임재산을 보전하기 위한 채권자취소의 소를 제기할 수 없다
    • 파산관재인이 수계한 소송이 부적법한 것이었다는 이유만으로 소송수계 후 교환적으로 변경된 부인의 소마저 부적법하다고 볼 것은 아니다
    • 부인의 소는 파산계속법원의 관할에 전속한다
    • 항소심법원이 소송을 심리·판단할 권한을 계속 가진다

    Unofficial English translation

    • A bankruptcy creditor who cannot assert a bankruptcy claim otherwise than through bankruptcy proceedings may not file a creditor revocation action to preserve the liable property with respect to an individual claim on the premise of individual compulsory execution

    • The mere fact that the lawsuit taken over by the bankruptcy trustee was unlawful does not warrant regarding as unlawful even the action for avoidance changed in the alternative after the takeover of the lawsuit

    • The action for avoidance falls under the exclusive jurisdiction of the court handling the bankruptcy proceedings

    • The appellate court continues to have the authority to hear and decide the lawsuit

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2017. 5. 30. 선고 2017다205073 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Decision 2017Da205073 decided May 30, 2017

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 2010. 9. 9. 선고 2010다37141 판결(공2010하, 1898) / [3] 대법원 2017. 5. 30. 선고 2017다205073 판결(공2017하, 1369)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Even where the bankruptcy trustee assumes for the first time at the appellate stage an improper creditor revocation action filed after a declaration of bankruptcy and converts it into an action to deny, does the appellate court have the authority to continue hearing the case?

    If the provisions of Article 396 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act governing the method of exercising the right of avoidance and jurisdiction, or the provision of Article 406 governing the assumption of lawsuits, are amended, this reading will be checked again.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

In comparison with an independent reading by a different AI family (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, while the readings diverged on the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Even where the bankruptcy trustee assumes for the first time at the appellate stage an improper creditor revocation action filed after a declaration of bankruptcy and converts it into an action to deny, does the appellate court have the authority to continue hearing the case?” vs Independent “Where the bankruptcy trustee converts the action into an action to deny after assuming it, as of which point in time is compliance with the period for exercising the right of avoidance determined?”

The first reading asks about the authority to hear where the assumption and the amendment of the claim occurred at the appellate stage, whereas the independent reading asks about the reference point for compliance with the period for exercising the right of avoidance.

제1심법원에 계속 중이던 채권자취소소송을 파산관재인이 수계하여 부인의 소로 변경한 경우에는 채무자회생법 제396조 제3항이 적용된다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below (Gwangju District Court, 2017Na52756) held that, once the debtor has received a declaration of bankruptcy, a fraudulent act committed before the declaration of bankruptcy may only be made the subject of the bankruptcy trustee's right of avoidance, and a bankruptcy claimant may not bring a creditor revocation action; accordingly, it viewed this lawsuit, filed on September 30, 2015, after the declaration of bankruptcy (July 6, 2015), as procedurally improper. On that basis, it even dismissed on procedural grounds the action to deny that the bankruptcy trustee had amended in the alternative after assuming the action at first instance. The court of first instance had granted the claim with respect to the action to deny.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that, even though the original creditor revocation action was procedurally improper, the bankruptcy trustee validly assumed it at first instance and converted it into an action to deny, thereby extinguishing the pending status of the previous claim and making the action to deny the subject of adjudication. Since the action to deny falls under the exclusive jurisdiction of the court in which the bankruptcy proceeding is pending, the court below should have vacated the judgment of the first-instance court, which had reached the merits, and transferred the case; accordingly, ex officio and prior to determining the grounds for final appeal, the Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below, vacated the judgment of the first-instance court, and transferred the case to the Gwangju District Court.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the bankruptcy trustee assumed the action and exercised the right of avoidance only after the creditor revocation action had become pending before the appellate court
  • Where the creditor revocation action had been pending before the court in which the bankruptcy proceeding is pending from the outset, so that no transfer is necessary
  • Where the bankruptcy trustee did not assume the lawsuit or did not amend the claim into an action to deny

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, one needs to check the Records to confirm whether the bankruptcy trustee's assumption and the amendment of the claim took place while the case was pending at first instance, and whether the court of first instance was a court other than the court in which the bankruptcy proceeding is pending.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 채무자에 대한 파산선고 후 파산채권자가 채권자취소의 소를 제기할 수 있는지 여부(소극) [2] 채무자에 대한 파산선고 후 파산채권자가 채권자취소의 소를 제기한 경우, 파산관재인이 소송수계를 할 수 있는지 여부(적극) 및 파산관재인이 소송수계 후 부인의 소로 변경한 것이 적법한지 여부(적극) [3] 제1심법원에 계속 중이던 채권자취소소송을 파산관재인이 수계하여 부인의 소로 변경한 경우, 파산계속법원의 전속관할에 속하는지 여부(적극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Whether a bankruptcy creditor may file a creditor revocation action after a declaration of bankruptcy against the debtor (negative) [2] If a bankruptcy creditor has filed a creditor revocation action after a declaration of bankruptcy against the debtor, whether the bankruptcy trustee may take over the lawsuit (affirmative), and whether it is lawful for the bankruptcy trustee, after taking over the lawsuit, to change it into an action for avoidance (affirmative) [3] Where the bankruptcy trustee took over a creditor revocation action pending before the court of first instance and changed it into an action for avoidance, whether it falls under the exclusive jurisdiction of the court handling the bankruptcy proceedings (affirmative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 채무자가 채권자에 대한 사해행위를 한 경우에 채권자는 민법 제406조에 따라 채권자취소권을 행사할 수 있다. 그러나 채무자에 대한 파산선고 후에는 파산관재인이 파산재단을 위하여 부인권을 행사할 수 있다(채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제391조, 제396조). 파산절차가 채무를 채권자들에게 평등하고 공정하게 변제하기 위한 집단적·포괄적 채무처리절차라는 점을 고려하여 파산선고 후에는 파산채권자가 아닌 파산관재인으로 하여금 부인권을 행사하도록 한 것이다. 따라서 파산선고 후에는 파산관재인이 총 채권자에 대한 평등변제를 목적으로 하는 부인권을 행사하여야 하고, 파산절차에 의하지 않고는 파산채권을 행사할 수 없는 파산채권자가 개별적 강제집행을 전제로 개별 채권에 대한 책임재산을 보전하기 위한 채권자취소의 소를 제기할 수 없다. [2] 파산채권자가 파산선고 후에 제기한 채권자취소의 소가 부적법하더라도 파산관재인은 이러한 소송을 수계한 다음 청구변경의 방법으로 부인권을 행사할 수 있다고 보아야 한다. 이 경우 법원은 파산관재인이 수계한 소송이 부적법한 것이었다는 이유만으로 소송수계 후 교환적으로 변경된 부인의 소마저 부적법하다고 볼 것은 아니다. [3] 부인의 소는 파산계속법원의 관할에 전속한다[채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률(이하 ‘채무자회생법’이라 한다) 제396조 제3항, 제1항(2016. 12. 27. 법률 제14472호로 개정되기 전에는 ‘파산계속법원’이 아닌 ‘파산법원’이었다)]. 따라서 채권자취소소송이 계속 중인 법원이 파산계속법원이 아니라면 그 법원은 관할법원인 파산계속법원에 사건을 이송하여야 한다. 파산채권자가 제기한 채권자취소소송이 항소심에 계속된 후에는 파산관재인이 소송을 수계하여 부인권을 행사하더라도 채무자회생법 제396조 제3항이 적용되지 않고 항소심법원이 소송을 심리·판단할 권한을 계속 가진다. 그러나 제1심법원에 계속 중이던 채권자취소소송을 파산관재인이 수계하여 부인의 소로 변경한 경우에는 채무자회생법 제396조 제3항이 적용된다.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 제1심판결을 취소한다. 사건을 광주지방법원으로 이송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the judgment of the court of first instance is vacated. The case is transferred to the Gwangju District Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 민법 제406조, 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제391조, 제396조 [2] 민법 제406조, 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제347조 제1항, 제391조, 제396조, 제406조 [3] 채무자 회생 및 파산에 관한 법률 제347조 제1항, 제396조 제1항, 제3항, 제406조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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