Open Decision Ledger · Economic crime
Whether Negotiable Certificates of Deposit Delivered for the Purpose of Concealing Criminal Proceeds Constitute a Gift for an Illegal Cause, and the Limitation on Additional Collection of Crime-Victim Property
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Oct. 26, 2017, 2017Do9254 (judgment)
Case name: 범죄수익은닉의규제및처벌등에관한법률위반·특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(횡령)
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
If a bearer negotiable certificate of deposit delivered for the purpose of concealing criminal proceeds is cashed and spent, is embezzlement established, and may the redemption proceeds be additionally collected pursuant to the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment?
Holding
A negotiable certificate of deposit delivered for the purpose of concealing criminal proceeds is property given for an illegal cause, ownership of which vests in the person who received it; accordingly, even if that person consumes it, embezzlement does not arise. Moreover, if that certificate and the redemption proceeds are crime-victim property, their value cannot be additionally collected pursuant to Article 10, paragraph (2) of the same Act.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
그러나 위와 같은 재산이 같은 법 제8조 제3항에서 정한 범죄피해재산인 경우에는 같은 법 제10조 제2항에 따라 그 가액을 추징할 수 없다.
Unofficial English translation
However, where such property constitutes the crime victim property provided in Article 8 (3) of the same Act, its value may not be additionally collected pursuant to Article 10 (2) of the same Act.
Disposition
Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결 중 유죄 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 대구고등법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below, insofar as it found the defendant guilty, is reversed, and the case as to this part is remanded to the Daegu High Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 위반될 뿐만 아니라 반사회성·반윤리성·반도덕성이 현저하거나
Unofficial English translation
not only contrary to good morals and other social order but also markedly antisocial, anti-ethical, or immoral, or
Factors
- 급여의 원인된 행위가 내용이나 성격 또는 목적이나 연유 등으로 볼 때
- 반사회성·반윤리성·반도덕성이 현저하거나
- 이를 반환하게 하는 것이 오히려 규범 목적에 부합하지 아니하는 경우
- 범죄수익 등의 은닉을 위해 교부받은 무기명 양도성예금증서
Unofficial English translation
• where, in light of the content or nature of the act giving rise to the conferral, or its purpose or reason, etc.
• the antisocial, anti-ethical, or immoral character of the act is marked, or
• compelling the return thereof would rather fail to accord with the purpose of the norm
• a bearer negotiable certificate of deposit delivered for the concealment of criminal proceeds, etc.
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2017. 4. 26. 선고 2016도18035 판결
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2016Do18035 decided April 26, 2017
Decisions referred to
[1] 대법원 2017. 4. 26. 선고 2016도18035 판결(공2017상, 1215)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Beyond the offense of concealing criminal proceeds, what are the specific cases in which a separate and independent legal interest is also infringed, so that the limitation on additional collection of crime-victim property does not apply?
If the provisions limiting the confiscation and collection of equivalent value of crime-victim property under Article 8, paragraph (3) or Article 10, paragraph (2) of the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment are amended, this reading will be checked again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
When compared with an independent reading by another AI model (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 7 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Beyond the offense of concealing criminal proceeds, what are the specific cases in which a separate and independent legal interest is also infringed, so that the limitation on additional collection of crime-victim property does not apply?” vs Independent “Where crime-victim property and other property are commingled, how is the scope of exclusion from additional collection calculated?”
The first reading asks about the exception to the limitation on additional collection arising from infringement of a separate legal interest, whereas the independent reading asks about the calculation of the scope of exclusion from additional collection where property is commingled.
그러나 위와 같은 재산이 같은 법 제8조 제3항에서 정한 범죄피해재산인 경우에는 같은 법 제10조 제2항에 따라 그 가액을 추징할 수 없다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below held that the bearer negotiable certificates of deposit delivered by Non-indicted 1 to the defendant for the purpose of concealing criminal proceeds, etc. were property given for an illegal cause, that ownership therefore vested in the defendant, and that embezzlement did not arise. While finding the defendant guilty of the crime of violating the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment, the court below pronounced additional collection of 1,241,955,269 won, being the redemption proceeds of the certificates of 1,258,955,269 won less the 17 million won returned.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held the holding of the court below on gift for an illegal cause and embezzlement to be proper and dismissed the prosecution's final appeal. However, holding that the certificates were crime-victim property obtained through a multi-level financial fraud offense, and that the redemption proceeds generated by the concealment offense were likewise crime-victim property and could not be additionally collected, the Supreme Court reversed and remanded the judgment of the court below as to the guilty part.
Distinguishing conditions
- Cases in which the defendant, apart from the offense of concealing criminal proceeds, also infringes a separate and independent legal interest, so that the provisions limiting confiscation and collection of equivalent value do not apply
- Cases in which the property was not acquired from the victim of a crime against property and therefore does not constitute crime-victim property
- Cases in which the act constituting the cause of the entrustment is not manifestly contrary to good morals and cannot be regarded as a gift for an illegal cause under Article 746 of the Civil Act
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, one must verify through evidence from which crime's victim the property in question originated, and whether the cause of the entrustment was the purpose of concealing criminal proceeds.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 민법 제746조가 ‘불법의 원인으로 인하여 재산을 급여한 때에는 그 이익의 반환을 청구하지 못한다’고 규정한 의미 / 민법 제746조에서 말하는 ‘불법’이 있다고 하기 위한 요건 [2] 피고인이, 갑 등이 금융다단계 사기 범행을 통하여 취득한 범죄수익 등인 무기명 양도성예금증서를 을로부터 건네받아 현금으로 교환한 후 임의로 소비하였다고 하여 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 위반(횡령)으로 기소된 사안에서, 피고인이 을로부터 범죄수익 등의 은닉을 위해 교부받은 무기명 양도성예금증서는 불법의 원인으로 급여한 물건에 해당하여 소유권이 피고인에게 귀속되므로, 피고인에 대하여 횡령죄가 성립하지 않는다고 본 원심판단이 정당하다고 한 사례 [3] 구 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률 제3조 또는 제4조의 범죄행위에 관계된 범죄수익 등이나 위 조항의 범죄행위에 의하여 생긴 재산 또는 그 범죄행위의 보수로 얻은 재산이 각 추징의 대상이 되는지 여부(적극) / 위와 같은 재산이 범죄피해재산인 경우, 그 가액을 추징할 수 있는지 여부(소극)
Unofficial English translation
[1] The meaning of Article 746 of the Civil Act, which provides that 'where a person has conferred a property for an unlawful cause, he or she may not claim the return of the benefit' / The requirements for finding the 'unlawfulness' referred to in Article 746 of the Civil Act [2] In a case where the defendant was prosecuted for violation of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes (embezzlement) on the ground that, after receiving from B a bearer negotiable certificate of deposit, which was criminal proceeds, etc. obtained by A and others through financial multi-level fraud, exchanging it for cash and then spending it at will, the judgment of the court below, holding that the bearer negotiable certificate of deposit delivered to the defendant by B for the concealment of criminal proceeds, etc. constitutes a thing conferred for an unlawful cause and that ownership thereof vests in the defendant, so that the crime of embezzlement is not established against the defendant, is just [3] Whether property related to a criminal act under Article 3 or Article 4 of the former Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment, or property generated by such criminal act, or property obtained as remuneration for such criminal act, constitutes criminal proceeds, etc. that are each subject to additional collection (affirmative) / Where such property constitutes crime victim property, whether its value may be additionally collected (negative)
Summary of the holding
[1] 민법 제746조가 불법의 원인으로 인하여 재산을 급여한 때에는 그 이익의 반환을 청구하지 못한다고 규정한 뜻은, 그러한 급여를 한 사람은 그 원인행위가 법률상 무효임을 내세워 상대방에게 부당이득반환청구를 할 수 없음은 물론 급여한 물건의 소유권이 자기에게 있다고 하여 소유권에 기한 반환청구도 할 수 없다는 데 있으므로, 결국 그 물건의 소유권은 급여를 받은 상대방에게 귀속된다. 한편 민법 제746조에서 말하는 ‘불법’이 있다고 하려면, 급여의 원인된 행위가 내용이나 성격 또는 목적이나 연유 등으로 볼 때 선량한 풍속 기타 사회질서에 위반될 뿐만 아니라 반사회성·반윤리성·반도덕성이 현저하거나, 급여가 강행법규를 위반하여 이루어졌지만 이를 반환하게 하는 것이 오히려 규범 목적에 부합하지 아니하는 경우 등에 해당하여야 한다. [2] 피고인이, 갑 등이 금융다단계 사기 범행을 통하여 취득한 범죄수익 등인 무기명 양도성예금증서 7장을 을로부터 건네받아 현금으로 교환한 후 임의로 소비하였다고 하여 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률 위반(횡령)으로 기소된 사안에서, 피고인이 을로부터 범죄수익 등의 은닉을 위해 교부받은 무기명 양도성예금증서는 불법의 원인으로 급여한 물건에 해당하여 소유권이 피고인에게 귀속되므로, 피고인이 무기명 양도성예금증서를 교환한 현금을 임의로 소비하였더라도 횡령죄가 성립하지 않는다고 본 원심판단이 정당하다고 한 사례. [3] 구 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률(2010. 3. 31. 법률 제10201호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제3조 또는 제4조의 범죄행위에 관계된 범죄수익 등이나 위 조항의 범죄행위에 의하여 생긴 재산 또는 그 범죄행위의 보수로 얻은 재산은 같은 법 제8조 제1항 제3호, 제4호 및 제10조 제1항에 따라 각 추징의 대상이 된다. 그러나 위와 같은 재산이 같은 법 제8조 제3항에서 정한 범죄피해재산인 경우에는 같은 법 제10조 제2항에 따라 그 가액을 추징할 수 없다.
Order
원심판결 중 유죄 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 대구고등법원에 환송한다. 검사의 상고를 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below, insofar as it found the defendant guilty, is reversed, and the case as to this part is remanded to the Daegu High Court. The prosecutor's appeal is dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 민법 제103조, 제746조, 형법 제355조 제1항 [2] 형법 제355조 제1항, 구 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률(2012. 2. 10. 법률 제11304호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제3조 제1항 제2호, 구 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률(2010. 3. 31. 법률 제10201호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제3조 제1항 제1호, 제3호, 민법 제746조, 형사소송법 제325조 [3] 구 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률(2010. 3. 31. 법률 제10201호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제3조, 제4조, 제8조 제1항 제3호, 제4호, 제3항, 제10조
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.
Back to the ledger