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Open Decision Ledger · Civil procedure & enforcement

The Court's Duty of Elucidation and the Recognition of Damages under Article 202-2 of the Civil Procedure Act Where Proof of the Amount of Damages Is Insufficient

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Mar. 26, 2020, 2018Da301336 (judgment)

Case name: 손해배상(기)

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where liability for damages is recognized but the allegations and proof concerning the amount of damages are insufficient, may the court dismiss a claim for damages on that ground alone?

  2. Holding

    The court must not readily dismiss a claim for damages, but must actively exercise its power of elucidation and examine the amount of damages by urging proof and the like; if the specific amount of damages still cannot be ascertained, the court may recognize the amount of damages by comprehensively considering circumstantial facts. The Supreme Court viewed Article 202-2 of the Civil Procedure Act as a provision of general character that also applies to damages under special Acts.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    손해가 발생한 사실이 인정되나 구체적인 손해의 액수를 증명하는 것이 매우 어려운 경우에는 법원은 손해배상청구를 쉽사리 배척해서는 안 되고, 적극적으로 석명권을 행사하여 증명을 촉구하는 등으로 구체적인 손해액에 관하여 심리하여야 한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    Where the fact that damage has occurred is recognized but proving the specific amount of damage is extremely difficult, the court must not readily dismiss a claim for damages, but must actively exercise its power of elucidation to urge proof and the like and examine the specific amount of damage.
  3. Disposition

    Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울중앙지방법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul Central District Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision

    관련된 모든 간접사실들을 종합하여 적당하다고 인정되는 금액을 손해의 액수로 정할 수 있다

    Unofficial English translation

    may determine the amount of damage as an amount deemed appropriate by comprehensively considering all relevant indirect facts
  5. Factors

    • 당사자들 사이의 관계
    • 재산적 손해가 발생하게 된 경위, 손해의 성격
    • 손해가 발생한 이후의 제반 정황
    • 적극적으로 석명권을 행사하여 증명을 촉구하여야 하고

    Unofficial English translation

    • the relationship between the parties

    • the circumstances under which the pecuniary loss came to occur, and the nature of the damage

    • the various circumstances after the damage occurred

    • must actively exercise the power of elucidation to urge proof and,

  6. Relation to precedent

    Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision

    대법원 2004. 6. 24. 선고 2002다6951, 6968 판결

    Unofficial English translation

    Supreme Court Judgment 2002Da6951, 6968 decided June 24, 2004

    Decisions referred to

    [1] 대법원 1986. 8. 19. 선고 84다카503, 504 판결(공1986, 1206), 대법원 2016. 11. 10. 선고 2013다71098 판결(공2016하, 1888) / [2] 대법원 2004. 6. 24. 선고 2002다6951, 6968 판결(공2004하, 1201), 대법원 2009. 8. 20. 선고 2008다51120, 51137, 51144, 51151 판결(공2009하, 1516)

  7. Burden of proof

    The party asserting Read from the decision

    손해액에 관한 당사자의 주장과 증명이 미흡하더라도

    Unofficial English translation

    Even if the parties' allegations and proof regarding the amount of damage are insufficient,
  8. Open question and revisit condition

    Where, even after elucidation, a party fails to prove the amount of damages, up to what limit must the court determine the amount of damages on the basis of circumstantial facts alone?

    This reading will be checked again if Article 202-2 of the Civil Procedure Act is amended, or if a decision takes a different view of the scope of the court's duty of elucidation in examining the amount of damages.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

As a result of comparing an independent reading by another AI in the same family (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 6 of the 8 axes agreed, while the readings diverged on axis 7 (Burden of proof) and axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 7 (Burden of proof): Primary “The party asserting” vs Independent “Not addressed”

If one focuses on the passage in which the original text urges the parties to prove the matter, the burden of proof of the party asserting can be read; if one focuses on the fact that the original text does not directly declare the allocation of the burden of proof, it can be read as not addressed.

손해액에 관한 당사자의 주장과 증명이 미흡하더라도

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where, even after elucidation, a party fails to prove the amount of damages, up to what limit must the court determine the amount of damages on the basis of circumstantial facts alone?” vs Independent “After the court urges proof of the amount of damages, to what degree of examination must it proceed before it may move on to the calculation of damages on the basis of circumstantial facts?”

The first reading asks up to what limit the court must determine the amount of damages in place of the party who fails to prove it, whereas the independent reading asks the degree of examination required before proceeding to calculation on the basis of circumstantial facts.

손해가 발생한 사실이 인정되나 구체적인 손해의 액수를 증명하는 것이 매우 어려운 경우에는 법원은 손해배상청구를 쉽사리 배척해서는 안 되고, 적극적으로 석명권을 행사하여 증명을 촉구하는 등으로 구체적인 손해액에 관하여 심리하여야 한다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below (Seoul Central District Court 2017Na81740) found that the drawings prepared by the defendants contained defects — failure to meet the standards of the amended Fire Safety Facilities Act, inclusion of the area of elevators for persons with disabilities, and failure to reflect actual measurements — and held that defendant company bore liability for damages under Article 667 paragraph (2) of the Civil Act, and that defendant 2, an architect, bore liability for damages under Article 20 paragraph (2) of the Certified Architects Act. It nevertheless dismissed the claim on the ground that the plaintiff had made no specific allegations and proof concerning the repair costs or the amount of damages, and that the case could not be regarded as one in which proof of the amount of damages was extremely difficult; it also rejected the remaining claims, including the claim based on delay in the hospital's relocation.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that there is room for regarding the design fee of 15 million won that the plaintiff paid again to another architect and the additional fire safety consulting cost of 550,000 won for supplementing the fire safety drawings as repair costs, and that the court below therefore should have exercised its power of elucidation to ascertain the amount of damages or recognized the amount of damages by comprehensively considering circumstantial facts. It rejected the remaining grounds for final appeal but, on the basis of this error, reversed and remanded the judgment of the court below.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Cases where liability for damages itself, that is, the fact that harm occurred, is not recognized
  • Cases where a party possesses materials to prove the amount of damages yet does not respond to the court's elucidation
  • Cases where nothing whatsoever appears in the Records by way of circumstantial facts, such as a payment history from which the amount of damages could be gauged

Record verification notes

Before contesting a dismissal of the claim on the ground that the amount of damages is unknown, one needs to check whether the Records contain circumstantial facts, such as a payment history or a contract from which the amount of damages could be gauged, and whether the court below conducted elucidation regarding the amount of damages.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 손해배상책임이 인정되나 손해액에 관한 당사자의 주장과 증명이 미흡한 경우, 법원이 취하여야 할 조치 [2] 채무불이행이나 불법행위로 인한 손해배상청구소송에서 재산적 손해의 발생사실이 인정되나 구체적인 손해의 액수를 증명하는 것이 사안의 성질상 곤란한 경우, 법원이 증거조사의 결과와 변론 전체의 취지에 의하여 밝혀진 간접사실들을 종합하여 손해의 액수를 정할 수 있는지 여부(적극) 및 이때 법원이 취하여야 할 조치 / ‘손해배상 액수의 산정’에 관하여 규정한 민사소송법 제202조의2가 특별법에 따른 손해배상에도 적용되는 일반적 성격의 규정인지 여부(원칙적 적극) [3] 갑이 을 주식회사와 건물 리노베이션과 증축에 관한 설계 및 감리계약을 체결하였다가 해지한 후 을 회사와 건축사인 병을 상대로 설계도면의 하자를 이유로 손해배상을 구한 사안에서, 손해액에 관한 주장과 증명이 없다는 이유로 갑의 손해배상청구를 배척한 원심판단에 법리오해 등의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례

Unofficial English translation

[1] Where liability for damages is recognized but the parties' allegations and proof regarding the amount of damage are insufficient, the measures the court should take [2] In an action for damages arising from non-performance of an obligation or a tort, where the fact that a pecuniary loss has occurred is recognized but proving the specific amount of damage is difficult in light of the nature of the case, whether the court may determine the amount of damage by comprehensively considering the indirect facts revealed by the results of the examination of evidence and the entire purport of the oral argument (affirmative), and the measures the court should take on such occasion / Whether Article 202-2 of the Civil Procedure Act, which provides for the 'assessment of the amount of damages,' is a provision of a general nature that applies also to damages under special Acts (in principle, affirmative) [3] A case in which, where A entered into a design and supervision contract with B Corporation concerning the renovation and extension of a building and later terminated it, and then sought damages from Company B and C, an architect, on the ground of defects in the design drawings, it was held that the judgment of the court below, which dismissed A's claim for damages on the ground that there were no allegations and proof regarding the amount of damage, was in error, including misapprehension of legal principles

Summary of the holding

[1] 손해배상책임이 인정되는 경우 법원은 손해액에 관한 당사자의 주장과 증명이 미흡하더라도 적극적으로 석명권을 행사하여 증명을 촉구하여야 하고, 경우에 따라서는 직권으로 손해액을 심리·판단하여야 한다. [2] 채무불이행이나 불법행위로 인한 손해배상청구소송에서 재산적 손해의 발생사실이 인정되나 구체적인 손해의 액수를 증명하는 것이 사안의 성질상 곤란한 경우, 법원은 증거조사의 결과와 변론 전체의 취지에 의하여 밝혀진 당사자들 사이의 관계, 채무불이행이나 불법행위와 그로 인한 재산적 손해가 발생하게 된 경위, 손해의 성격, 손해가 발생한 이후의 제반 정황 등 관련된 모든 간접사실들을 종합하여 적당하다고 인정되는 금액을 손해의 액수로 정할 수 있다. 민사소송법 제202조의2는 종래의 판례를 반영하여 ‘손해배상 액수의 산정’이라는 제목으로 “손해가 발생한 사실은 인정되나 구체적인 손해의 액수를 증명하는 것이 사안의 성질상 매우 어려운 경우에 법원은 변론 전체의 취지와 증거조사의 결과에 의하여 인정되는 모든 사정을 종합하여 상당하다고 인정되는 금액을 손해배상 액수로 정할 수 있다.”라고 정하고 있다. 이 규정은 특별한 정함이 없는 한 채무불이행이나 불법행위로 인한 손해배상뿐만 아니라 특별법에 따른 손해배상에도 적용되는 일반적 성격의 규정이다. 손해가 발생한 사실이 인정되나 구체적인 손해의 액수를 증명하는 것이 매우 어려운 경우에는 법원은 손해배상청구를 쉽사리 배척해서는 안 되고, 적극적으로 석명권을 행사하여 증명을 촉구하는 등으로 구체적인 손해액에 관하여 심리하여야 한다. 그 후에도 구체적인 손해액을 알 수 없다면 손해액 산정의 근거가 되는 간접사실을 종합하여 손해액을 인정할 수 있다. [3] 갑이 을 주식회사와 건물 리노베이션과 증축에 관한 설계 및 감리계약을 체결하였다가 해지한 후 을 회사와 건축사인 병을 상대로 설계도면의 하자를 이유로 손해배상을 구한 사안에서, 갑이 설계도면의 하자를 보수하는 비용을 지급한 것으로 볼 여지가 있으므로 원심으로서는 손해액에 관하여 적극적으로 석명권을 행사하고 증명을 촉구하여 이를 밝히거나, 제출된 증거와 당사자의 주장, 갑과 을 회사 등의 관계, 손해 발생 경위, 손해의 성격, 손해가 발생한 이후의 여러 정황 등 관련된 모든 간접사실을 종합하여 손해액을 인정하였어야 하는데도, 이러한 조치를 하지 않고 손해액에 관한 주장과 증명이 없다는 이유로 갑의 손해배상청구를 배척한 원심판단에 법리오해 등의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.

Order

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울중앙지방법원에 환송한다.

Unofficial English translation

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul Central District Court.

Provisions referred to

[1] 민사소송법 제136조, 제202조 [2] 민법 제393조, 제763조, 민사소송법 제202조, 제202조의2 [3] 민법 제393조, 제667조 제2항, 건축사법 제20조 제2항, 민사소송법 제136조, 제202조, 제202조의2

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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