Open Decision Ledger · Criminal law
Whether Bitcoin acquired through a serious crime may be confiscated as criminal proceeds
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, May 30, 2018, 2018Do3619 (judgment)
Case name: 아동·청소년의성보호에관한법률위반(음란물제작·배포등)·국민체육진흥법위반·전자금융거래법위반·정보통신망이용촉진및정보보호등에관한법률위반(음란물유포)·도박개장방조
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Under the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment, may Bitcoin acquired through a serious crime be confiscated as criminal proceeds?
Holding
Intangible property recognized as having pecuniary value that was acquired through criminal conduct constituting a serious crime may also be confiscated. The Supreme Court held that Bitcoin is intangible property with pecuniary value and that the subject of confiscation is specific, and thus found the court below's decision recognizing confiscation to be proper.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
범죄수익은닉규제법에 정한 중대범죄에 해당하는 범죄행위에 의하여 취득한 것으로 재산적 가치가 인정되는 무형재산도 몰수할 수 있다.
Unofficial English translation
Intangible property that has been acquired by a criminal act falling under a serious crime prescribed in the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment and in which property value is recognized may also be confiscated.
Disposition
Dismissed Stated in the decision
상고를 모두 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
재산적 가치가 인정되는 무형재산도 몰수할 수 있다
Unofficial English translation
intangible property in which property value is recognized may also be confiscated
Factors
- 중대범죄에 해당하는 범죄행위에 의하여 취득한 것으로
- 경제적인 가치를 디지털로 표상하여 전자적으로 이전, 저장 및 거래가 가능하도록 한
- 비트코인을 대가로 지급받아 재산적 가치가 있는 것으로 취급한 점
- 몰수의 대상인 비트코인이 특정되어 있다
Unofficial English translation
• as having been acquired by a criminal act falling under a serious crime
• representing economic value digitally so that it may be electronically transferred, stored, and traded
• the fact of having received Bitcoin as consideration and treated it as having property value
• the Bitcoin subject to confiscation is specified
Relation to precedent
States a new standard Read from the decision
비트코인은 재산적 가치가 있는 무형의 재산이라고 보아야 하고
Unofficial English translation
Bitcoin must be regarded as intangible property having property value, and
Decisions referred to
None listed
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
May cryptocurrency acquired through a crime that does not constitute a serious crime under the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment also be subject to confiscation under the Criminal Act?
If a law separately regulating virtual assets takes effect, or if the provisions of the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment on the subject of confiscation are amended, this reading will be checked again.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
5 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
When compared with an independent reading conducted by another family of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, 5 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on Axis 4 (Form of the test), Axis 6 (Relation to precedent), and Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 4 (Form of the test): Primary “Elements stated” vs Independent “Existing test applied”
The original text sets out both the conditions for the possibility of confiscating intangible property and their specific application to Bitcoin, so the primary reading may place weight on the conditions, while the independent reading may place weight on the application.
비트코인은 재산적 가치가 있는 무형의 재산이라고 보아야 하고, 몰수의 대상인 비트코인이 특정되어 있다는 이유로, 피고인이 취득한 비트코인을 몰수할 수 있다고 본 원심판단이 정당하다고 한 사례.Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Cannot be determined”
Because the original text derives the possibility of confiscating intangible property through statutory interpretation, the primary reading may regard it as a new standard, but since the relation to precedent is not expressly stated, the independent reading may regard it as cannot be determined.
비트코인은 재산적 가치가 있는 무형의 재산이라고 보아야 하고Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “May cryptocurrency acquired through a crime that does not constitute a serious crime under the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment also be subject to confiscation under the Criminal Act?” vs Independent “Where Bitcoin constituting criminal proceeds has been mixed with lawfully acquired Bitcoin, how should the subject of confiscation be specified?”
The primary reading asks about confiscation under the Criminal Act of cryptocurrency acquired through a crime that is not a serious crime, while the independent reading asks about specifying the subject where it is mixed with lawful Bitcoin.
범죄수익은닉규제법에 정한 중대범죄에 해당하는 범죄행위에 의하여 취득한 것으로 재산적 가치가 인정되는 무형재산도 몰수할 수 있다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below (Suwon District Court, 2017No7120) confiscated 191.32333418 Bitcoin, out of 216.1249474 Bitcoin seized after the defendant voluntarily submitted them, as criminal proceeds acquired through criminal conduct related to the operation of a pornographic website, and imposed additional collection of 695,871,960 won from the amounts deposited into the deposit account and 200 million won obtained by converting Bitcoin into cash.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court accepted the court below's decision on confiscation, noting that Bitcoin, as a type of cryptocurrency, was received by the defendant himself as consideration and treated as having pecuniary value, and that the subject of confiscation is specific. It also confirmed that, under Article 8 (2) of the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment, only the portion of the Bitcoin held corresponding to the amount acquired through crime may be confiscated, and dismissed the final appeals of both the defendant and the prosecution.
Distinguishing conditions
- A case where the crime does not constitute a serious crime listed in the appended table of the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment, so that only the general confiscation provisions of the Criminal Act are at issue
- A case where the virtual assets to be confiscated have not been specified, or where they are intermingled with holdings unrelated to the crime so that the quantity acquired through crime cannot be ascertained
- A case where there are no circumstances showing that the asset in question was actually traded or treated as consideration, making it difficult to recognize pecuniary value
Record verification notes
Before asserting the confiscation of virtual assets, one should check whether the crime is included in the list of serious crimes, whether the quantity acquired through crime is distinguished and specified from other holdings, and whether there is any portion that should be dealt with by additional collection instead of confiscation.
From the official text
Points at issue
[1] 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률에 정한 중대범죄에 해당하는 범죄행위에 의하여 취득한 것으로 재산적 가치가 인정되는 무형재산을 몰수할 수 있는지 여부(적극) [2] 피고인이 음란물유포 인터넷사이트를 운영하면서 정보통신망 이용촉진 및 정보보호 등에 관한 법률 위반(음란물유포)죄와 도박개장방조죄에 의하여 비트코인(Bitcoin)을 취득한 사안에서, 피고인의 정보통신망 이용촉진 및 정보보호 등에 관한 법률 위반(음란물유포)죄와 도박개장방조죄는 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률에 정한 중대범죄에 해당하며, 비트코인은 재산적 가치가 있는 무형의 재산이라고 보아야 하고, 몰수의 대상인 비트코인이 특정되어 있다는 이유로, 피고인이 취득한 비트코인을 몰수할 수 있다고 본 원심판단이 정당하다고 한 사례
Unofficial English translation
[1] Whether intangible property in which property value is recognized, acquired by a criminal act falling under a serious crime prescribed in the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment, may be confiscated (affirmative) [2] In a case where the defendant, while operating an internet website distributing obscene materials, acquired Bitcoin by committing the crime of violation of the Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection (distribution of obscene materials) and the crime of aiding and abetting the opening of a gambling house, a case in which it was held proper that the court below's determination that the defendant's crime of violation of the Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection (distribution of obscene materials) and crime of aiding and abetting the opening of a gambling house fall under serious crimes prescribed in the Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment, that Bitcoin must be regarded as intangible property having property value, and that, on the ground that the Bitcoin subject to confiscation is specified, the Bitcoin acquired by the defendant may be confiscated
Summary of the holding
[1] 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률(이하 ‘범죄수익은닉규제법’이라 한다)은 국제적 기준에 맞는 자금세탁방지 제도를 마련하고 범죄수익의 몰수·추징에 관한 특례를 규정함으로써 특정범죄를 조장하는 경제적 요인을 근원적으로 제거하여 건전한 사회질서의 유지에 이바지함을 목적으로 제정된 법률이다. 특정범죄를 직접 처벌하는 형법 등을 보충함으로써 중대범죄를 억제하기 위한 형사법 질서의 중요한 일부를 이루고 있다. 범죄수익은닉규제법은 "중대범죄에 해당하는 범죄행위에 의하여 생긴 재산 또는 그 범죄행위의 보수로 얻은 재산"을 범죄수익으로 규정하고[제2조 제2호 (가)목], 범죄수익을 몰수할 수 있다고 규정한다(제8조 제1항 제1호). 그리고 범죄수익은닉규제법 시행령은 "은닉재산이란 몰수·추징의 판결이 확정된 자가 은닉한 현금, 예금, 주식, 그 밖에 재산적 가치가 있는 유형·무형의 재산을 말한다."라고 규정하고 있다(제2조 제2항 본문). 위와 같은 범죄수익은닉규제법의 입법 취지 및 법률 규정의 내용을 종합하여 보면, 범죄수익은닉규제법에 정한 중대범죄에 해당하는 범죄행위에 의하여 취득한 것으로 재산적 가치가 인정되는 무형재산도 몰수할 수 있다. [2] 피고인이 음란물유포 인터넷사이트를 운영하면서 정보통신망 이용촉진 및 정보보호 등에 관한 법률(이하 ‘정보통신망법’이라 한다) 위반(음란물유포)죄와 도박개장방조죄에 의하여 비트코인(Bitcoin)을 취득한 사안에서, 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률(이하 ‘범죄수익은닉규제법’이라 한다) [별표] 제1호 (사)목에서는 형법 제247조의 죄를, [별표] 제24호에서는 정보통신망법 제74조 제1항 제2호의 죄를 중대범죄로 규정하고 있어 피고인의 정보통신망법 위반(음란물유포)죄와 도박개장방조죄는 범죄수익은닉규제법에 정한 중대범죄에 해당하며, 비트코인은 경제적인 가치를 디지털로 표상하여 전자적으로 이전, 저장 및 거래가 가능하도록 한, 이른바 ‘가상화폐’의 일종인 점, 피고인은 위 음란사이트를 운영하면서 사진과 영상을 이용하는 이용자 및 음란사이트에 광고를 원하는 광고주들로부터 비트코인을 대가로 지급받아 재산적 가치가 있는 것으로 취급한 점에 비추어 비트코인은 재산적 가치가 있는 무형의 재산이라고 보아야 하고, 몰수의 대상인 비트코인이 특정되어 있다는 이유로, 피고인이 취득한 비트코인을 몰수할 수 있다고 본 원심판단이 정당하다고 한 사례.
Order
상고를 모두 기각한다.
Unofficial English translation
All appeals are dismissed.
Provisions referred to
[1] 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률 제1조, 제2조 제1호, 제2호 (가)목, 제8조 제1항 제1호, 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률 시행령 제2조 제2항 [2] 형법 제32조, 제247조, 정보통신망 이용촉진 및 정보보호 등에 관한 법률 제44조의7 제1항 제1호, 제74조 제1항 제2호, 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률 제2조 제1호, 제2호 (가)목, 제8조 제1항, 제2항, [별표] 제1호 (사)목, 제24호, 범죄수익은닉의 규제 및 처벌 등에 관한 법률 시행령 제2조 제2항
Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.
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