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Open Decision Ledger · Criminal & investigative procedure

Whether seizure and search of electronic information stored on a remote server not specified among the items to be seized in a warrant is permitted

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, June 30, 2022, 2020Mo735 (ruling)

Case name: 압수물가환부불허결정에대한준항고일부인용결정에대한재항고

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    Where only the electronic information stored on the computer at the place of search is stated among the items to be seized in a search and seizure warrant, may electronic information be seized by accessing a remote server through that computer?

  2. Holding

    A remote server differs from the computer at the place of search in terms of its location, administrator, storage capacity, method of seizure, and the degree of infringement of fundamental rights, and therefore must be separately specified among the items to be seized. The Supreme Court dismissed the reappeal, holding unlawful the measure of searching a VDI server without such statement and the additional seizure based thereon.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    압수·수색영장에 적힌 ‘압수할 물건’에 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치 저장 전자정보만 기재되어 있다면 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치를 이용하여 원격지 서버 저장 전자정보를 압수할 수는 없다.

    Unofficial English translation

    If only electronic information stored in a computer or other information processing device is stated in the "items to be seized" stated in the search and seizure warrant, the electronic information stored in a remote server cannot be seized using the computer or other information processing device.
  3. Disposition

    Dismissed Stated in the decision

    재항고를 기각한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The re-appeal is dismissed.
  4. Form of the test

    Elements stated Stated in the decision

    별도로 원격지 서버 저장 전자정보가 특정되어 있어야 한다

    Unofficial English translation

    the electronic information stored in the remote server must be separately specified
  5. Factors

    • 기재한 문언은 엄격하게 해석해야 하고
    • 소재지, 관리자, 저장 공간의 용량 측면에서 서로 구별된다
    • 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치 자체에 저장된 전자정보와 비교하여 압수·수색의 방식에 차이가 있다
    • 압수·수색으로 얻을 수 있는 전자정보의 범위와 그로 인한 기본권 침해 정도도 다르다

    Unofficial English translation

    • the wording stated must be strictly interpreted, and

    • they are distinguished from each other in terms of location, administrator, and capacity of the storage space

    • there is a difference in the method of search and seizure compared with electronic information stored in the computer or other information processing device itself

    • the scope of the electronic information that may be obtained through search and seizure and the resulting degree of infringement upon fundamental rights also differ

  6. Relation to precedent

    States a new standard Read from the decision

    컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치를 이용하여 원격지 서버 저장 전자정보를 압수할 수는 없다

    Unofficial English translation

    the electronic information stored in a remote server cannot be seized using the computer or other information processing device

    Decisions referred to

    대법원 2009. 3. 12. 선고 2008도763 판결(공2009상, 503)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    If a new warrant has been obtained on the basis of an independent clue unrelated to the circumstances learned through an unlawful search, may the electronic information on the same remote server be seized?

    This needs to be checked again if an express provision governing the method of seizure of electronic information stored on remote servers or in the cloud is enacted in the Criminal Procedure Act, or if the relevant Supreme Court holding changes.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

When compared with an independent reading by another AI model (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, 6 of the 8 axes agreed, and the readings diverged on Axis 6 (Relation to precedent) and Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Follows earlier decisions”

If the original text's demand for separate specification of remote server information is emphasized, it may be read as a new standard; if the strict interpretation of the wording of the warrant, which is its basis, and the principle of due process are emphasized, it may be read as the application of an existing legal principle.

대법원 2009. 3. 12. 선고 2008도763 판결(공2009상, 503)

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “If a new warrant has been obtained on the basis of an independent clue unrelated to the circumstances learned through an unlawful search, may the electronic information on the same remote server be seized?” vs Independent “To specify the electronic information of a remote server in a warrant, how specifically must the server address or the account and the scope of information be stated?”

The first reading asks whether the same server may be seized after obtaining a new warrant on an independent clue, while the independent reading asks how specifically the remote server information must be specified in the warrant.

압수·수색영장에 적힌 ‘압수할 물건’에 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치 저장 전자정보만 기재되어 있다면 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치를 이용하여 원격지 서버 저장 전자정보를 압수할 수는 없다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: The court below partially granted the quasi-appeal and revoked both the measure of seizing electronic information from the team room folder of the VDI server and the measure of refusing the claim for its return. The Supreme Court stated that there were inappropriate parts in the reasons of the order of the court below, but the specific grounds relied upon by the court below in its reasons cannot be verified.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that, since cloud-stored electronic information was not stated among the items to be seized of the first warrant and it was clear that the court had dismissed that claim, the measure of exploring the team room folder with a work computer and taking preservation measures, even after hearing from the employees an explanation of the VDI structure, was unlawful as exceeding the scope of the warrant. It also held that the seizure under the second warrant, obtained on the basis of the e-mail learned thereby, and the refusal of return were unlawful, and, regarding the conclusion of the court below as justified, dismissed the reappeal.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the remote server or the cloud-stored electronic information is separately specified among the items to be seized of the warrant
  • Where work materials were stored on the computer itself at the place of search and were seized without accessing an information and communications network
  • Where the substantiating materials for seizure of the remote server were separately obtained independently of the unlawful search

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, first compare the items-to-be-seized column of the warrant application and of the warrant issued to check whether the portion concerning remotely stored electronic information was dismissed, and on which storage medium the actual data was located.

From the official text

Points at issue

수사기관이 압수·수색영장에 적힌 ‘수색할 장소’에 있는 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치에 저장된 전자정보 외에 원격지 서버에 저장된 전자정보를 압수·수색하기 위해서는 압수·수색영장에 적힌 ‘압수할 물건’에 별도로 원격지 서버 저장 전자정보가 특정되어 있어야 하는지 여부(적극) / 압수·수색영장에 적힌 ‘압수할 물건’에 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치 저장 전자정보만 기재되어 있는 경우, 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치를 이용하여 원격지 서버 저장 전자정보를 압수할 수 있는지 여부(소극)

Unofficial English translation

Whether, in order for an investigative agency to search and seize electronic information stored in a remote server in addition to electronic information stored in a computer or other information processing device located at the "place to be searched" stated in the search and seizure warrant, the electronic information stored in the remote server must be separately specified in the "items to be seized" stated in the search and seizure warrant (affirmative) / Where only electronic information stored in a computer or other information processing device is stated in the "items to be seized" stated in the search and seizure warrant, whether the electronic information stored in the remote server may be seized using the computer or other information processing device (negative)

Summary of the holding

헌법과 형사소송법이 구현하고자 하는 적법절차와 영장주의의 정신에 비추어 볼 때, 법관이 압수·수색영장을 발부하면서 ‘압수할 물건’을 특정하기 위하여 기재한 문언은 엄격하게 해석해야 하고, 함부로 피압수자 등에게 불리한 내용으로 확장해석 또는 유추해석을 하는 것은 허용될 수 없다. 압수할 전자정보가 저장된 저장매체로서 압수·수색영장에 기재된 수색장소에 있는 컴퓨터, 하드디스크, 휴대전화와 같은 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치와 수색장소에 있지는 않으나 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치와 정보통신망으로 연결된 원격지의 서버 등 저장매체(이하 ‘원격지 서버’라 한다)는 소재지, 관리자, 저장 공간의 용량 측면에서 서로 구별된다. 원격지 서버에 저장된 전자정보를 압수·수색하기 위해서는 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치를 이용하여 정보통신망을 통해 원격지 서버에 접속하고 그곳에 저장되어 있는 전자정보를 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치로 내려 받거나 화면에 현출시키는 절차가 필요하므로, 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치 자체에 저장된 전자정보와 비교하여 압수·수색의 방식에 차이가 있다. 원격지 서버에 저장되어 있는 전자정보와 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치에 저장되어 있는 전자정보는 그 내용이나 질이 다르므로 압수·수색으로 얻을 수 있는 전자정보의 범위와 그로 인한 기본권 침해 정도도 다르다. 따라서 수사기관이 압수·수색영장에 적힌 ‘수색할 장소’에 있는 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치에 저장된 전자정보 외에 원격지 서버에 저장된 전자정보를 압수·수색하기 위해서는 압수·수색영장에 적힌 ‘압수할 물건’에 별도로 원격지 서버 저장 전자정보가 특정되어 있어야 한다. 압수·수색영장에 적힌 ‘압수할 물건’에 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치 저장 전자정보만 기재되어 있다면 컴퓨터 등 정보처리장치를 이용하여 원격지 서버 저장 전자정보를 압수할 수는 없다.

Order

재항고를 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The re-appeal is dismissed.

Provisions referred to

형사소송법 제114조 제1항, 제215조, 제219조

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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