Open Decision Ledger · Military criminal & justice law
Relevance Limitations on Search and Seizure by Military Prosecutors and the Test for Objective and Personal Relevance to the Facts Alleged in the Warrant
Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean
Supreme Court, Feb. 27, 2025, 2021Do8284 (judgment)
Case name: 군사기밀보호법위반[군검사에 의한 압수·수색영장 집행으로 압수한 문서의 증거능력 인정 여부가 문제된 사건]
Official text on the National Law Information Center
Question
Where a warrant issued on suspicion of leaking military secrets is being executed, may other military-secret documents seized in the process be used as evidence of the offense of possession of documents?
Holding
Search and seizure by military prosecutors to which the former Military Court Act applies is also subject to the relevance limitation, and objective relevance is recognized not only where the material is directly related to the facts alleged, but also where it may be used as indirect or circumstantial evidence proving the motive and circumstances of the offense, or as corroborating evidence of a confession. The Supreme Court held that the documents could serve as indirect and circumstantial evidence of, and as corroborating evidence for, the alleged facts of the leak, that the first seizure was lawful, and that the second seizure under the new warrant was not unlawful, and reversed the judgment of the court below.
Summary of the holding, verbatim
구 군사법원법이 적용되는 군검사의 수사상 압수·수색 또한 관련성의 제한을 받는다.
Unofficial English translation
Investigative search and seizure by military prosecutors, to which the former Military Court Act applies, is also subject to the limitation of relevance.
Disposition
Reversed and remanded Stated in the decision
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 수원지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Suwon District Court.
Form of the test
Elements stated Stated in the decision
구체적·개별적 연관관계가 있는 경우에만 인정할 수 있고, 혐의사실과 단순히 동종 또는 유사 범행이라는 사유만으로 객관적 관련성이 있다고 볼 수는 없다.
Unofficial English translation
It may be recognized only where there is a specific and individualized connection, and objective relevance cannot be regarded as existing merely on the ground that the facts of suspicion involve the same or a similar type of offense.
Factors
- 압수·수색영장에 기재한 혐의사실과 관련되고 이를 증명할 수 있는 최소한의 가치가 있는 것
- 범행 동기와 경위, 범행 수단과 방법, 범행 시간과 장소 등을 증명하기 위한 간접, 정황증거나 자백의 보강증거
- 혐의사실의 내용과 수사의 대상, 수사 경위 등을 종합하여
- 공동정범이나 교사범 등 공범이나 간접정범은 물론 필요적 공범
Unofficial English translation
• things related to the facts of suspicion stated in the search and seizure warrant and having at least minimal value in proving them
• indirect or circumstantial evidence for proving the motive and circumstances of the offense, the means and method of the offense, the time and place of the offense, and the like, or corroborative evidence of a confession
• taking into account the contents of the facts of suspicion, the object of the investigation, the course of the investigation, and the like
• not only joint principal offenders, instigators, and other accomplices or indirect principal offenders but also necessary accomplices
Relation to precedent
Follows earlier decisions Stated in the decision
대법원 2023. 6. 1. 선고 2018도18866 판결(공2023하, 1159)
Unofficial English translation
Supreme Court Decision 2018Do18866 decided June 1, 2023 (Gong 2023 Ha, 1159)
Decisions referred to
대법원 2023. 6. 1. 선고 2018도18866 판결(공2023하, 1159)
Burden of proof
Not addressed Not in the decision
Open question and revisit condition
Where, after the first seizure, circumstances negating relevance emerge, up to what limit may the investigative authority continue to retain the seized items without returning them?
If the search and seizure provisions of the Military Court Act, or the provisions applying mutatis mutandis to search and seizure in the course of investigations by military prosecutors, are amended, this reading will be reexamined.
Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check
7 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16
Compared with an independent reading by another AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the first reading, seven of the eight axes agreed, and the readings diverged on the eighth axis (Open question and revisit condition).
Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “Where, after the first seizure, circumstances negating relevance emerge, up to what limit may the investigative authority continue to retain the seized items without returning them?” vs Independent “What additional circumstances must be combined with the circumstance that the offenses are of the same or a similar type before objective relevance can be recognized?”
The first reading asks about the limits of continued retention where circumstances negating relevance emerge after the seizure, whereas the independent reading asks about the additional circumstances required for relevance to be recognized.
구 군사법원법이 적용되는 군검사의 수사상 압수·수색 또한 관련성의 제한을 받는다.Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)
Lower-court contrast & scope of application
Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding
Lower-court context: The court below held that the facts alleged in the first warrant were that Non-indicted person had leaked to the defendant plans for unit reorganization and relocation, that the documents seized in the first seizure had been created and acquired independently of that matter and were neither indirect evidence nor circumstantial evidence, and therefore that there was no relevance. It upheld the judgment of the first instance court, which found the defendant not guilty, on the ground that even though the documents were seized again under a new warrant, the illegality of the first seizure was not cured, and the remaining evidence was secondary evidence obtained through those documents and therefore lacked admissibility of evidence.
Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court held that relevance at the evidence-gathering stage must be assessed on the basis of circumstances that the investigative authority knew or could have known at the time of execution of the warrant, and viewed the circumstances of the creation and acquisition of the documents relied upon by the court below as circumstances confirmed after the seizure. Because the documents contained matters such as the status of unit deployments in the Gyeonggi-do area and could therefore serve as indirect or circumstantial evidence of the alleged facts of the leak and as corroborating evidence of Non-indicted person's confession, the first seizure was lawful, and the second seizure, conducted in the presence of the defendant, was not unlawful; on that basis the Supreme Court reversed and remanded the judgment of the court below.
Distinguishing conditions
- Where the seized items relate merely to offenses of the same or a similar type as the facts alleged in the warrant, without any concrete and individual connection to them
- Where the investigative authority already knew, or could have known, at the time of execution of the warrant that the seized items were unrelated to the facts alleged
- Where the items relate to a separate offense of a third party who stands in no relationship of accomplice or necessary accomplice with the person subject to the warrant
Record verification notes
Before asserting the same conclusion, check whether, on the basis only of circumstances that had emerged up to the time of execution of the warrant, the seized items could have served as indirect or circumstantial evidence of, or as corroborating evidence for, the facts alleged, and whether the right to participate was secured at the time of execution of the separate warrant.
From the official text
Points at issue
구 군사법원법 제258조에 따라 군검사의 수사상 압수·수색에 준용되는 군사법원법 제146조 제1항, 제149조 제1항에서 ‘사건과 관계가 있다.’는 것의 의미 / 이때 압수·수색영장에 기재된 혐의사실과 객관적 관련성이 인정되는 범위와 인정 기준 및 피의자 또는 피고인과의 인적 관련성이 인정되는 범위
Unofficial English translation
The meaning of "is related to the case" in Article 146 (1) and Article 149 (1) of the Military Court Act, which apply mutatis mutandis to investigative search and seizure by military prosecutors under Article 258 of the former Military Court Act / The scope in which objective relevance may be recognized between the facts of suspicion stated in the search and seizure warrant and the relevant items, the criteria for such recognition, and the scope in which a personal nexus with the suspect or defendant may be recognized
Summary of the holding
구 군사법원법(2020. 6. 9. 법률 제17367호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 같다) 제254조 제1항은 "군검사는 범죄수사에 필요할 때에는 군검사의 청구로 관할 보통군사법원 군판사가 발부한 영장에 따라 압수·수색 또는 검증을 할 수 있다."라고 규정하고 있다. 그런데 구 군사법원법 제258조에 따라 군검사의 수사상 압수·수색에 준용되는 군사법원법 제146조 제1항 및 제149조 제1항은, 군사법원은 필요한 때에는 피고사건과 관계가 있다고 인정할 수 있는 것에 한정하여 증거물 또는 몰수될 것으로 생각되는 물건을 압수하거나(제146조 제1항), 피고인의 신체, 물건 또는 주거나 그 밖의 장소를 수색할 수 있다(제149조 제1항)고 규정하고 있으므로, 구 군사법원법이 적용되는 군검사의 수사상 압수·수색 또한 관련성의 제한을 받는다. 군사법원법 제146조 제1항, 제149조 제1항이 규정하고 있는 ‘사건과 관계가 있다.’는 것은 압수·수색영장에 기재한 혐의사실과 관련되고 이를 증명할 수 있는 최소한의 가치가 있는 것으로서 압수·수색영장의 혐의사실과 객관적, 인적 관련성이 인정되는 것을 말한다. 혐의사실과의 객관적 관련성은 압수·수색영장에 기재된 혐의사실 자체 또는 그와 기본적 사실관계가 동일한 범행과 직접 관련되어 있는 경우를 의미하지만, 범행 동기와 경위, 범행 수단과 방법, 범행 시간과 장소 등을 증명하기 위한 간접, 정황증거나 자백의 보강증거로 사용될 수 있는 경우에도 인정할 수 있다. 객관적 관련성은 압수·수색영장에 기재된 혐의사실의 내용과 수사의 대상, 수사 경위 등을 종합하여 구체적·개별적 연관관계가 있는 경우에만 인정할 수 있고, 혐의사실과 단순히 동종 또는 유사 범행이라는 사유만으로 객관적 관련성이 있다고 볼 수는 없다. 그리고 피의자 또는 피고인과의 인적 관련성은 압수·수색영장에 기재된 대상자의 공동정범이나 교사범 등 공범이나 간접정범은 물론 필요적 공범 등에 대한 사건에 대해서도 인정할 수 있다.
Order
원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 수원지방법원에 환송한다.
Unofficial English translation
The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Suwon District Court.
Provisions referred to
구 군사법원법(2020. 6. 9. 법률 제17367호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제254조 제1항, 제258조, 군사법원법 제146조 제1항, 제149조 제1항, 형사소송법 제307조, 제308조의2
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