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Open Decision Ledger · Capital markets & finance

Whether an analyst's recommendation of a stock, in which the analyst had a third party purchase in advance, without disclosure of the interest, constitutes unfair trading

Translated from the Korean original. Read the Korean

Supreme Court, Jan. 15, 2026, 2024Do11686 (judgment)

Case name: 자본시장과금융투자업에관한법률위반

Official text on the National Law Information Center

  1. Question

    May conduct by an investment advisor, etc., who has a third party purchase securities in advance and then recommends their purchase without disclosing that interest, also constitute the use of unfair means under Article 178 (1) 1 of the former Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act?

  2. Holding

    As in the case where one has made an advance purchase oneself, the conduct may constitute such use where there is a risk of harming the fairness, reliability, and efficiency of the capital market, and that risk is assessed comprehensively in light of the relationship with the third party, the circumstances of acquisition, the intent, the true subject of the investment judgment, and the profits that the investment advisor, etc., obtains or expects. Such profits include personal benefits such as the expectation of reputation or information exchange, and the Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below, which had denied unfair trading on the ground that there was no proprietary interest.

    Summary of the holding, verbatim

    추천 후에 제3자가 이를 매도할 수 있다는 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위에 투자자문업자 등이 자신의 계산으로 특정 증권을 사전에 매수한 사실을 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위와 마찬가지로 자본시장의 공정성과 신뢰성 및 효율성을 해칠 위험이 존재한다면, 구 자본시장법 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 말하는 ‘부정한 수단, 계획, 기교를 사용하는 행위’에 해당할 수 있다.

    Unofficial English translation

    If an act of recommending the purchase of securities without indicating the interest that a third party may sell them after the recommendation carries a risk of harming the fairness, reliability, and efficiency of the capital market, in the same way as an act of an investment adviser, etc. of recommending the purchase of securities without indicating the fact that it has previously purchased specific securities for its own account, such act may fall under 'an act using unfair means, schemes, or artifices' as used in Article 178, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 of the former Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.
  3. Disposition

    Partly reversed and remanded Stated in the decision

    원심판결 중 피고인 2에 대한 유죄 부분(이유무죄 부분 포함)을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

    Unofficial English translation

    The guilty portion of the judgment of the court below as to Defendant 2 (including the portion where the reasons found no guilt) is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
  4. Form of the test

    Circumstances weighed Stated in the decision

    이로써 투자자문업자 등이 어떤 이익을 얻거나 또는 객관적으로 이익을 기대할 수 있는지 등의 사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 하고

    Unofficial English translation

    thereby, matters such as whether the investment adviser, etc. obtains some profit or may objectively expect a profit must be judged by comprehensively considering them, and
  5. Factors

    • 투자자문업자 등과 제3자와의 관계
    • 제3자가 해당 증권을 보유하게 된 경위
    • 그 과정에서 제3자가 이익을 취할 수 있도록 투자자문업자 등이 의도하였는지
    • 투자판단의 실질적 주체가 누구인지
    • 투자자문업자 등의 평판, 정보교환의 기대 등 일정한 개인적 이익

    Unofficial English translation

    • the relationship between the investment adviser, etc. and the third party

    • the circumstances under which the third party came to hold the securities in question

    • whether the investment adviser, etc. intended that the third party take a profit in the course thereof

    • who is the substantive principal in the investment decision

    • certain personal benefits such as the reputation of the investment adviser, etc. and the expectation of information exchange

  6. Relation to precedent

    States a new standard Read from the decision

    나아가 투자자문업자 등이 추천하는 증권을 제3자가 보유하고 있는 경우에도

    Unofficial English translation

    Furthermore, even where a third party holds securities that an investment adviser, etc. recommends,

    Decisions referred to

    [1][2] 대법원 2017. 3. 30. 선고 2014도6910 판결(공2017상, 930) / [1] 대법원 2014. 1. 16. 선고 2013도9933 판결(공2014상, 439)

  7. Burden of proof

    Not addressed Not in the decision

  8. Open question and revisit condition

    May personal benefits such as the expectation of reputation or information exchange also be recognized where the advance purchase was made by a mere acquaintance who is not a family member or a workplace superior of the investment advisor, etc.?

    This reading will be re-examined if the provisions of Article 178 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act prohibiting unfair trading, or the rules on disclosure of interests in research and analysis materials, are amended.

Cross-family AI independent reading & axis check

6 of 8 axes matched GPT-6 Astra (OpenAI, codex CLI) · 2026-10-16

In a comparison with an independent reading by another line of AI (GPT-6 Astra), which read only the original text without seeing the primary reading, 6 of the 8 axes matched, and the readings diverged on Axis 6 (Relation to precedent) and Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition).

Axis 6 (Relation to precedent): Primary “States a new standard” vs Independent “Follows earlier decisions”

Because the original text extends the discussion from the legal principle of concealing one's own interest to the concealment of a third party's interest, the primary reading may attend to the statement of the expanded decision factors, while the independent reading may attend to the continuity of the existing unfair trading legal principle.

대법원 2017. 3. 30. 선고 2014도6910 판결(공2017상, 930)

Axis 8 (Open question and revisit condition): Primary “May personal benefits such as the expectation of reputation or information exchange also be recognized where the advance purchase was made by a mere acquaintance who is not a family member or a workplace superior of the investment advisor, etc.?” vs Independent “Where there is only the expectation of reputation or information exchange, what degree of specific circumstances is required to recognize an objective expectation of benefit and a risk of harming the fairness of the market?”

The primary reading asks whether personal benefits can be recognized even in the relationship of a mere acquaintance, while the independent reading asks what degree of specific circumstances is required to recognize the expected benefit and the market risk.

추천 후에 제3자가 이를 매도할 수 있다는 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위에 투자자문업자 등이 자신의 계산으로 특정 증권을 사전에 매수한 사실을 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위와 마찬가지로 자본시장의 공정성과 신뢰성 및 효율성을 해칠 위험이 존재한다면, 구 자본시장법 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 말하는 ‘부정한 수단, 계획, 기교를 사용하는 행위’에 해당할 수 있다.

Raw responses and comparison record: Protocol · Blind readings (JSONL) · Axis comparison (JSONL) · SHA-256 (JSON)

Lower-court contrast & scope of application

Lower-court reading vs. Supreme Court holding

Lower-court context: As to the trading connected with the research and analysis materials personally prepared by Defendant 2, the court below (Seoul High Court, 2023No530) held that there was no statutory duty to disclose the fact of the recommendation or the third party's holding in the research and analysis materials; that the penalty provisions link the amount of profit to the fine and thus presuppose economic gain; and that if the catch-all clause were interpreted without limitation, the scope of punishment would become excessively broad. It further found that conspiracy with Defendant 1 had not been proven and that Defendant 2 had received no allocation of profits and therefore had no proprietary interest, and thus acquitted Defendant 2, in the reasoning, of all counts involving the use of the representative director's account and the mother-in-law's account.

Supreme Court standard: The Supreme Court noted that the research and analysis materials contained a statement that the materials had not been provided in advance to any third party; that Defendant 2 specifically instructed the stocks and quantities and thus in effect made the substantive investment judgment; and that, given the relationships with the representative director and the mother-in-law, Defendant 2 could have obtained or expected personal benefits. The Court also cited that the existence of a benefit is not necessarily required for unfair trading to be established, found misapprehension of the legal principle and failure to exhaust deliberations, and reversed the guilty portion of the judgment as to Defendant 2 (including the portion acquitting in the reasoning), while dismissing the prosecution's final appeal as to Defendant 1.

Distinguishing conditions

  • Where the third party came to hold the securities recommended, through its own independent judgment and without any involvement of the investment advisor, etc.
  • Where the third party's holding and the possibility of sale were disclosed to the investor in the research and analysis materials or during the course of the recommendation
  • As to portions, such as trading connected with research and analysis materials prepared by another person, where the link between the recommender and the advance trading has not been proven

Record verification notes

Before asserting the same conclusion, one must verify from the Records whether the true subject of the investment judgment in the third party's trading was the recommender, and whether, given the relationship between the recommender and the third party, a personal benefit other than money could objectively have been expected.

From the official text

Points at issue

[1] 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 정한 ‘부정한 수단, 계획 또는 기교’의 의미 및 그 판단 기준 [2] 투자자문업자 등이 추천하는 증권을 제3자가 선행매수하여 보유하고 있고 추천 후에 제3자가 이를 매도할 수 있다는 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위가, 그 증권에 관한 자신의 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 매수를 추천하는 행위와 마찬가지로, 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 금지하는 ‘부정한 수단, 계획, 기교를 사용하는 행위’에 해당할 수 있는 경우 및 그 판단 기준 / 이때 투자자문업자 등의 이익에는 금전적 이익뿐만 아니라 투자자문업자 등의 평판, 정보교환의 기대 등 일정한 개인적 이익도 포함되는지 여부(적극)

Unofficial English translation

[1] Meaning of and criteria for determining 'unfair means, schemes, or artifices' as provided in Article 178, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 of the former Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act [2] Whether, and under what criteria, an act of recommending the purchase of securities without indicating the interest that a third party who has previously purchased and holds the securities recommended by an investment adviser, etc. may sell them after the recommendation may fall under 'an act using unfair means, schemes, or artifices' prohibited by Article 178, paragraph (1), subparagraph 1 of the former Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, in the same way as an act of recommending the purchase without indicating one's own interest in the securities / whether the benefits of the investment adviser, etc. include not only monetary gains but also certain personal benefits such as the reputation of the investment adviser, etc. and the expectation of information exchange (affirmative)

Summary of the holding

[1] 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률(2019. 11. 26. 법률 제16657호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제178조 제1항 제1호는 금융투자상품의 매매, 그 밖의 거래와 관련하여 ‘부정한 수단, 계획 또는 기교를 사용하는 행위’를 금지하고 있다. 여기서 ‘부정한 수단, 계획 또는 기교’란 사회통념상 부정하다고 인정되는 일체의 수단, 계획 또는 기교를 말한다. 나아가 어떠한 행위를 부정하다고 할지는 그 행위가 법령 등에서 금지된 것인지, 다른 투자자들로 하여금 잘못된 판단을 하게 함으로써 공정한 경쟁을 해치고 선의의 투자자에게 손해를 전가하여 자본시장의 공정성, 신뢰성 및 효율성을 해칠 위험이 있는지를 고려하여 판단하여야 한다. [2] 투자자문업자 등이 추천하는 증권을 자신이 선행매수하여 보유하고 있고 추천 후에 이를 매도할 수도 있다는 그 증권에 관한 자신의 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위는 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률(2019. 11. 26. 법률 제16657호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 자본시장법’이라 한다) 제178조 제1항 제1호가 금지하는 행위에 해당한다. 나아가 투자자문업자 등이 추천하는 증권을 제3자가 보유하고 있는 경우에도, 추천 후에 제3자가 이를 매도할 수 있다는 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위에 투자자문업자 등이 자신의 계산으로 특정 증권을 사전에 매수한 사실을 표시하지 않은 채 그 증권의 매수를 추천하는 행위와 마찬가지로 자본시장의 공정성과 신뢰성 및 효율성을 해칠 위험이 존재한다면, 구 자본시장법 제178조 제1항 제1호에서 말하는 ‘부정한 수단, 계획, 기교를 사용하는 행위’에 해당할 수 있다. 이와 같이 특정 증권에 관한 제3자의 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 증권을 추천하는 행위가 자신의 이해관계를 표시하지 않은 채 추천하는 행위와 마찬가지로 자본시장의 공정성과 신뢰성 및 효율성을 해칠 위험이 존재하는지 여부는 투자자문업자 등과 제3자와의 관계, 제3자가 해당 증권을 보유하게 된 경위, 그 과정에서 제3자가 이익을 취할 수 있도록 투자자문업자 등이 의도하였는지, 투자판단의 실질적 주체가 누구인지, 이로써 투자자문업자 등이 어떤 이익을 얻거나 또는 객관적으로 이익을 기대할 수 있는지 등의 사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 하고, 이때 투자자문업자 등의 이익은 금전적 이익만을 의미하는 것이 아니라 투자자문업자 등의 평판, 정보교환의 기대 등 일정한 개인적 이익도 포함한다.

Order

원심판결 중 피고인 2에 대한 유죄 부분(이유무죄 부분 포함)을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 검사의 피고인 1에 대한 상고 및 피고인 2에 대한 나머지 상고를 모두 기각한다.

Unofficial English translation

The guilty portion of the judgment of the court below as to Defendant 2 (including the portion where the reasons found no guilt) is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The prosecutor's final appeal as to Defendant 1 and the remaining final appeal as to Defendant 2 are all dismissed.

Provisions referred to

[1] 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률(2019. 11. 26. 법률 제16657호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제178조 제1항 제1호, 제443조 제1항 제8호 [2] 구 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률(2019. 11. 26. 법률 제16657호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제178조 제1항 제1호, 제443조 제1항 제8호

Read 2026-10-16 · Cross-read 2026-10-16. All quotes matched against the official text. The Chinese-character placeholders the court used for anonymised parties are given in their Korean readings, and parenthetical Chinese-character glosses are omitted.

Every entry is published only after all quotes have been matched character by character against the official text, and audited by an independent second reading from a different model family across all eight axes. Both agreed axes and text-grounded interpretive divergences are recorded openly. The ledger is a research record, not an assessment of the court or advice on any matter.

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